Survey of Ophthalmology
Volume 45 , Pages S32-S44 , November 2000

Cataract: Epidemiology and Service Delivery

References 

  1. Angra SK, Murthy GV, Gupta SK, Angra V. Cataract related blindness in India & its social implications. Indian J Med Res. 1997;106:312–324
  2. Anonymous . Global scale of avoidable blindness. Lancet. 1990;336:1038
  3. Apple DJ, Auffarth GU, Peng, Q, Visessook N: Foldable Intraocular Lenses—Evaluation, Clinicopathologic Correlations, Complications. Thorofare, Slack, Inc., 2000
  4. Apple DJ, Kincaid MC, Mamalis N, Olson RJ: Intraocular Lenses. Evolution, Designs, Complications, and Pathology. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1989
  5. Apple DJ, Ram J, Auffarth GU, Brown SJ. Saudi Ophthalmology Society Gold Medal Lecture (cataract surgery in the developing world). Saudi J Ophthalmol. 1995;9:1–15
  6. Arnold J. Global cataract blindness (the unmet challenge). Br J Ophthalmol. 1998;82:593–594[editorial comment]
  7. Awan KJ. Smoking (the evil, the eye sight, the eye openers (editorial)). Pakistan J Ophthalmol. 1992;9:29–30
  8. Baasanhu J, Johnson GJ, Burendei G, Minassian DC. Prevalence and causes of blindness and visual impairment in Mongolia (a survey of populations aged 40 years and older). Bull World Health Organ. 1994;72:771–776
  9. Babizhayev MA. Failure to withstand oxidative stress induced by phospholipid hydroperoxides as a possible cause of the lens opacities in systemic diseases and ageing. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1996;1315:87–99
  10. Badr IA. The scope of the cataract problem in the Middle East and the Mediterranean. Int Ophthalmol. 1993;17:155–160
  11. Balaji M, Sasikala K, Ravindran T. Copper levels in human mixed, nuclear brunescence, and posterior subcapsular cataract. Br J Ophthalmol. 1992;76:668–669
  12. Balasubramanian D. Cataract—where do we stand?. Indian J Ophthalmol. 1997;45:5–6[editorial]
  13. Belkacemi Y, Ozsahin M, Pene F. Cataractogenesis after total body irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996;35:53–60
  14. Belpoliti M, Maraini G. Sugar alcohols in the lens epithelium of age-related cataract. Exp Eye Res. 1993;56:3–6
  15. Benitez del Castillo JM, del Rio T, Garcia-Sanchez J. Effects of estrogen use on lens transmittance in postmenopausal women. Ophthalmology. 1997;104:970–973
  16. Bhatnagar R, West KP, Vitale S. Risk of cataract and history of severe diarrheal disease in southern India. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;109:696–699[see comments]
  17. Bhattacharjee J, Devadethan Sharma RS. Methods for estimating prevalence and incidence of senile cataract blindness in a district. Indian J Ophthalmol. 1996;44:207–211
  18. Bhattacharyya SN. Blindness in India. J Indian Med Assoc. 1992;90:50–51[editorial]
  19. Bloemendal H, Benedetti EL, Dunia I. Transgenic mice models for the study of cataractogenesis. A minireview. Ophthalmic Res. 1996;28:1–7
  20. Blondin J, Baragi V, Schwartz ER. Dietary vitamin C prevents eye lens protein damage. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1986;27(Suppl):9
  21. Bochow TW, West SK, Azar A. Ultraviolet light exposure and risk of posterior subcapsular cataracts. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107:369–372
  22. Brilliant GE, Lepkowski JM, Zurita B, Thulasiraj RD. Social determinants of cataract surgery utilization in south India. The Operations Research Group. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;109:584–589
  23. Brilliant LB, Grasset NC, Pokhrel RP. Associations among cataract prevalence, sunlight hours, and altitude in the Himalayas. Am J Epidemiol. 1983;118:250–264
  24. Bron AJ, Brown NA, Sparrow JM, Shun-Shin GA. Medical treatment of cataract. Eye. 1987;1:542–550
  25. Bron AJ, Sparrow J, Brown NA. The lens in diabetes. Eye. 1993;7:260–275
  26. Burkitt WR. Rural ophthalmology. In:  Biley GG editors. Handbook of Ophthalmology for Developing Countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1980;p. 131–136
  27. Burton M, Fergusson E, Hart A. The prevalence of cataract in two villages of northern Pakistan with different levels of ultraviolet radiation. Eye. 1997;11:95–101
  28. Cai YS, Hao YS. Is outpatient cataract surgery available alternative in China?. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol. 1993;5:49
  29. Caird FI, Pirie A, Ramsell TG. Diabetes and the Eye. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific; 1969;
  30. Chatterjee A, Rambo VC, Franken S. Vision survey in Himalayan area. Am J Ophthalmol. 1968;66:113–116
  31. Chattopadhyay D, Chatterjee PR, Bhattacharya SN, Chakrabarti B. Cataract blindness—magnitude of the problem and its management in developing country like India. J Indian Med Assoc. 1993;91:74–75
  32. Chaudhri DN. Challenge of cataract backlog in South East Asia region. International Agency for Prevention of Blindness. South East Asia Region Bull. 1993;1:6–7
  33. Chirambo MC. The role of Western ophthalmologists in dealing with cataract blindness in developing countries. Doc Ophthalmol. 1992;81:349–350
  34. Christen WG, Manson JE, Seddon JM. A prospective study of cigarette smoking and risk of cataract in men. JAMA. 1992;268:989–993[see comments]
  35. Christy NE. High volume efficient cataract surgery in developing countries. Int Ophthalmol. 1990;14:141–146
  36. Cook CD, Stulting AA. Prevalence and incidence of blindness due to age-related cataract in the rural areas of South Africa. S Afr Med J. 1995;85:26–27
  37. Cruickshanks KJ, Klein BE, Klein R. Ultraviolet light exposure and lens opacities (the Beaver Dam Eye Study). Am J Public Health. 1992;82:1658–1662
  38. Cumming RG, Mitchell P. Alcohol, smoking, and cataracts (the Blue Mountains Eye Study). Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115:1296–1303
  39. Cushnir VN, Slepova OS, Cruglova TB. The role of HBV-infection in development of cataracts in children and adults. Oftalmologia. 1997;41:318–322
  40. Dandona L. Estimation of cataract blindness in India. Ophthalmology. 1999;106:5–6[letter; comment]
  41. Dandona L, Dandona R, Naduvilath TJ. Is current eye-care-policy focus almost exclusively on cataract adequate to deal with blindness in India?. Lancet. 1998;351:1312–1316[see comments]
  42. Dhir SP, Detels R, Alexander ER. The role of environmental factors in cataract, pterygium and trachoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1967;64:128–135
  43. Dilley KJ. Letter (Ultraviolet light and human cataract). Nature. 1975;257:71–72
  44. Drummond MF. Economic aspects of cataract. Ophthalmology. 1988;95:1147–1153
  45. Drummond MF, Yates JM. Clearing the cataract backlog in a (not so) developing country. Eye. 1991;5:481–486
  46. Ellwein LB, Kupfer C. Strategic issues in preventing cataract blindness in developing countries. Bull World Health Organ. 1995;73:681–690
  47. Evans J, Minassia DC. Epidemiology of age-related cataract, review article. Comm Eye Health. 1992;9:2–6
  48. Fletcher A, Vijaykumar V, Selvaraj S. The Madurai Intraocular Lens Study. III (Visual functioning and quality of life outcomes). Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;125:26–35[see comments]
  49. Forker C, Wegener A, Graw J. Effects of UV-B radiation on a hereditary suture cataract in mice. Exp Eye Res. 1997;64:405–411
  50. Foster A. Worldwide blindness (increasing but avoidable). Semin Ophthalmol. 1993;8:166–170
  51. Foster A. Who will operate on Africas 3 million curably blind people?. Lancet. 1991;337:1267–1269
  52. Foster A. Cataract blindness in Africa. Ophthalmic Surg. 1987;18:384–388
  53. Foster A, Johnson G. Blindness in the developing world [editorial]. Br J Ophthalmol. 1993;77:398–399[see comments]
  54. Gheorghiu M: [Cataractogenesis and repair processes]. Oftalmologia 40:193–200, 1996
  55. Gieser SC, Schein OD. Cataract epidemiology and world blindness. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 1994;5:5–8
  56. Gieser SC, Schein OD. Cataract epidemiology and world blindness. Editorial review. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 1993;1:10–13
  57. Glynn RJ, Christen WG, Manson JE. Body mass index. An independent predictor of cataract. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113:1131–1137
  58. Gray BH: World blindness and the medical profession: conflicting medical cultures and the ethical dilemmas of helping. Publication of Program on Non-Profit Organization Institution for Social and Policy Studies. New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1991, pp 1–31
  59. Gupta SK. Prevalence and risk factors of cataract in India (a review). Dev Ophthalmol. 1997;27:1–5
  60. Hankinson SE, Stampfer MJ, Seddon JM. Nutrient intake and cataract extraction in women (a prospective study). BMJ. 1992;305:335–339
  61. Hankinson SE, Willett WC, Colditz GA. A prospective study of cigarette smoking and risk of cataract surgery in women. JAMA. 1992;268:994–998[see comments]
  62. Harding JJ. Cigarettes and cataract (cadmium or a lack of vitamin C?). Br J Ophthalmol. 1995;79:199–200[editorial; comment]
  63. Harding JJ. Pharmacological treatment strategies in age-related cataracts. Drugs Aging. 1992;2:287–300
  64. Harding JJ: Cigarette smoking and risk of cataracts [letter]. JAMA 269:747
  65. Harding JJ, Blakytny R. Pathophysiology of cataract. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 1994;5:9–15
  66. Harding JJ, Egerton M, van Heyningen R, Harding RS. Diabetes, glaucoma, sex, and cataract (analysis of combined data from two case control studies). Br J Ophthalmol. 1993;77:2–6[see comments]
  67. Harding JJ, Rixon KC. Is diarrhoea a major cause of cataract in some tropical countries?. Metab Pediatr Ophthalmol. 1981;5:161–166
  68. Harding JJ, van Heyningen R. Beer, cigarettes and military work as risk factors for cataract. Dev Ophthalmol. 1989;17:13–16
  69. Harding JJ, van Heyningen R. Drugs, including alcohol, that act as risk factors for cataract, and possible protection against cataract by aspirin-like analgesics and cyclopenthiazide. Br J Ophthalmol. 1988;72:809–814
  70. Harding JJ, van Heyningen R. Epidemiology and risk factors for cataract. Eye. 1987;1:537–541
  71. In:  Harding JJ editors. Cataract (Biochemistry, Epidemiology and Pharmacology). London: Chapman and Hall; 1991;
  72. Hennig A, Evans JR, Pradhan D. Randomised controlled trial of anterior-chamber intraocular lenses. Lancet. 1997;349:1129–1133
  73. Hiller R, Sperduto RD, Ederer F. Epidemiologic associations with cataract in the 1971–1972 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol. 1983;118:239–249
  74. Hiller R, Sperduto RD, Podgor MJ. Cigarette smoking and the risk of development of lens opacities. The Framingham studies. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115:113–118
  75. Hu C, Zhao JL, Zhang QN: [Establishment of a primary eye care network and creation of a cataract- free zone in Shunyi County of Beijing]. Chung Hua Yen Ko Tsa Chih 30:134–7, 1994
  76. Hu TS, Zhen Q, Sperduto RD. Age-related cataract in the Tibet Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107:666–669
  77. International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness: Fifth General Assembly Report, Towards Affordable, Accessible, Appropriate Eye Care, (International Conference Center, Berlin, Germany, May 8–13, 1994)
  78. Isaacs R, Ram J, Apple D. Cataract blindness in the developing world (is there a solution?). J Agromedicine. 1996;3:7–21
  79. Jackson H, Foster A. Causes of blindness in northwest Cambodia. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 1997;4:27–32[see comments]
  80. Jacques PF, Hartz SC, Chylack LT. Nutritional status in persons with and without senile cataract (blood vitamin and mineral levels). Am J Clin Nutr. 1988;48:152–158
  81. Jain IS, Gupta A, Ram J. Black cataract (a smoking hazard). Bull PGI. 1982;16:9–11
  82. Javitt JC, Wang F, West SK. Blindness due to cataract (epidemiology and prevention). Ann Rev Pub Health. 1996;17:159–177
  83. Johns AW. The role of international non-governmental organisations in dealing with cataract blindness in developing countries. Doc Ophthalmol. 1992;81:345–348
  84. Johnson GJ. Audit of results of cataract surgery. Comm Eye Health. 1992;10:1–2
  85. Jose NK, Contreras F, Campos MA. Screening and surgical intervention results from cataract-free-zone projects in Campinas, Brazil and Chimbote, Peru. Int Ophthalmol. 1990;14:155–164
  86. Jose R, Bachani D. World Bank-assisted Cataract Blindness Control Project. Indian J Ophthalmol. 1995;43:35–43
  87. Kador PF. Overview of the current attempts toward the medical treatment of cataract. Ophthalmology. 1983;90:352–364
  88. Kaiser RF. Difficulties of proper ophthalmic care in developing countries. Ophthalmic Surg. 1990;21:144–145[letter]
  89. Kashyap S, Ram J, Gupta A, Ram B. Systemic diseases in senile cataract—a study of 2480 patients. Afro Asian J Ophthalmol. 1991;9:134–136
  90. Klein BE, Klein R, Linton KL, Franke T. Cigarette smoking and lens opacities (the Beaver Dam Eye Study). Am J Prev Med. 1993;9:27–30
  91. Klein BE, Klein R, Moss SE. Incident cataract surgery (the Beaver Dam eye study). Ophthalmology. 1997;104:573–580
  92. Knight JA. Diseases related to oxygen-derived free radicals. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1995;25:111–121
  93. Kortlang C, Koster JC, Coulibaly S, Dubbeldam RP. Prevalence of blindness and visual impairment in the region of Segou, Mali. A baseline survey for a primary eye care programme. Trop Med Int Health. 1996;1:314–319
  94. Kupfer C. The International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness [editorial]. Am J Ophthalmol. 1994;117:253–257[see comments]
  95. Kupfer C. A decade of progress in the prevention of blindness. Am J Ophthalmol. 1987;104:80–83
  96. Kupfer C. Bowman lecture. The conquest of cataract (a global challenge). Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1985;104:1–10
  97. Kushnir VN, Slepova OS, Zaitseva NS: [Viral hepatitis B as a factor in the etiology of cataracts in adults and children]. Vestn Oftalmol 112:46–50, 1996
  98. Lee SM, Lin SY, Cheng CL, Liang RC. Progressive changes in secondary conformation and composition of the senile cataractous human lens capsules. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1996;74:542–546
  99. Leske MC, Chylack LT, Wu SY. The Lens Opacities Case-Control Study Group (Risk factor for cataract). Comm Eye Health. 1992;10:12
  100. Leske MC, Sperduto RD. The epidemiology of senile cataracts (a review). Am J Epidemiol. 1983;118:152–165
  101. Leske MC, Wu SY, Hennis A. Diabetes, hypertension, and central obesity as cataract risk factors in a black population. The Barbados Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 1999;106:35–41
  102. Li WC, Spector A. Lens epithelial cell apoptosis is an early event in the development of UVB-induced cataract. Free Radic Biol Med. 1996;20:301–311
  103. Lim AS. Mass blindness has shifted from infection (onchocerciasis, trachoma, corneal ulcers) to cataract. Ophthalmologica. 1997;211:270;[letter]
  104. Lim KH. International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness, Fourth General Assembly report. Asia-Pacific J Ophthalmol. 1991;3:51–52
  105. Lim R, Mitchell P, Cumming RG. Cataract associations with pinguecula and pterygium (the Blue Mountains Eye Study). Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;126:717–719
  106. Limburg H, Kumar R, Bachani D. Forecasting cataract blindness—and planning to combat it. World Health Forum. 1996;17:15–20
  107. Limburg H, Kumar R, Bachani D. Monitoring and evaluating cataract intervention in India. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996;80:951–955[see comments]
  108. Limburg H, Kumar R, Indrayan A, Sundaram KR. Rapid assessment of prevalence of cataract blindness at district level. Int J Epidemiol. 1997;26:1049–1054
  109. Limburg H, Vaidyanathan K, Pampattiwar KN. Cataract blindness on the rise? Results of a door-to-door examination in Mohadi. Indian J Ophthalmol. 1996;44:241–244
  110. Litwin RL. Lens implantation at cataract camps in Nepal. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1990;30:19–20
  111. Livesey JC, Wiens LW, Von Seggern DJ. Inhibition of radiation cataractogenesis by WR-77913. Radiat Res. 1995;141:99–104
  112. Malik SRK. Blindness scenario in south East Asia—overview. International Agency for Prevention of Blindness. South East Asia Regional Bull. 1993;1:4–5
  113. Mansour AM, Kassak K, Chaya M. National survey of blindness and low vision in Lebanon. Br J Ophthalmol. 1997;81:905–906
  114. Mao W, Xu J, Wu Z: [Survey and treatment of the blind in Xinhui, Guangdong, China]. Yen Ko Hsueh Pao 8:147–51, 1992
  115. Mao WS, Hu TS. An epidemiologic survey of senile cataract in China. Chin Med J (Engl). 1982;95:813–818
  116. McCarty CA, Mukesh BN, Fu CL, Taylor HR. The epidemiology of cataract in Australia. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;128:446–465
  117. Mehra V. Peripheral eye clinics. An alternative to the traditional eye camp in India. Comm Eye Health. 1992;10:10–11
  118. Minassian DC, Baasanhu J, Johnson GJ, Burendei G. The relationship between cataract and climatic droplet keratopathy in Mongolia. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1994;72:490–495
  119. Minassian DC, Mehra V. 3.8 million blinded by cataract each year (projections from the first epidemiological study of incidence of cataract blindness in India). Br J Ophthalmol. 1990;74:341–343[see comments]
  120. Minassian DC, Mehra V, Johnson GJ. Mortality and cataract (findings from a population-based longitudinal study). Bull World Health Organ. 1992;70:219–223
  121. Minassian DC, Mehra V, Verrey JD. Dehydrational crises (a major risk factor in blinding cataract). Br J Ophthalmol. 1989;73:100–105
  122. Mitchell P, Cumming RG, Attebo K, Panchapakesan J. Prevalence of cataract in Australia (the Blue Mountains eye study). Ophthalmology. 1997;104:581–588
  123. Moll AC, van der Linden AJ, Hogeweg M. Prevalence of blindness and low vision of people over 30 years in the Wenchi district, Ghana, in relation to eye care programmes. Br J Ophthalmol. 1994;78:275–279
  124. Munoz B, Tajchman U, Bochow T, West S. Alcohol use and risk of posterior subcapsular opacities. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993;111:110–112
  125. Nasr AM, Traboulsi EI. Treatment or Prevention?. Middle East J Ophthalmol. 1993;1:3
  126. Natchiar G, Robin AL, Thulasiraj RD, Krishnaswamy S. Attacking the backlog of Indias curable blind. The Aravind Eye Hospital model. Arch Ophthalmol. 1994;112:987–993
  127. Natchiar GN, Thulasiraj RD, Negrel AD. The Madurai Intraocular Lens Study. I (A randomized clinical trial comparing complications and vision outcomes of intracapsular cataract extraction and extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber intraocular lens). Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;125:1–13[see comments]
  128. Negrel AD, Massembo-Yako B, Botaka E: [Prevalence and causes of blindness in the Congo]. Bull World Health Organ 68:237–43, 1990
  129. Newland HS, Woodward AJ, Taumoepeau LA. Epidemiology of blindness and visual impairment in the kingdom of Tonga. Br J Ophthalmol. 1994;78:344–348
  130. Ohta Y, Okada H, Majima Y, Ishiguro . Anticataract action of vitamin E (its estimation using an in vitro steroid cataract model). Ophthalmic Res. 1996;28(Suppl):16–25
  131. Phillips CI, Clayton RM, Cuthbert J. Human cataract risk factors (significance of abstention from, and high consumption of, ethanol (U-curve) and non-significance of smoking). Ophthalmic Res. 1996;28:237–247
  132. Pizzarello L. Intraocular lens use in developing countries. Ophthalmic Surg. 1989;20:240;[editorial]
  133. Pizzarello L, Ellwein LB. The choice of cataract surgical techniques in developing nations (operations research considerations). Int Ophthalmol. 1990;14:147–154
  134. Pokharel GP, Regmi G, Shrestha SK. Prevalence of blindness and cataract surgery in Nepal. Br J Ophthalmol. 1998;82:600–605[see comments]
  135. Qiu W: [Etiology of blindness in remote area: a clinic report]. Yen Ko Hsueh Pao 10:254–6, 1994
  136. Ram J. Cataract blindness in India. Lancet. 1994;343:1228
  137. Ramakrishnan S, Sulochana KN, Selvaraj T. Smoking of beedies and cataract (cadmium and vitamin C in the lens and blood). Br J Ophthalmol. 1995;79:202–206[see comments]
  138. Ravenholt RT. Cigarette smoking and risk of cataracts. JAMA. 1993;269:747–748[letter; comment]
  139. Rink H, el-Layeh AA, Bours J, Emarah M. Basic biochemical parameters of one hundred cataractous lenses from Egyptian patients. Ophthalmic Res. 1995;27(Suppl):44–53
  140. Ritter LL, Klein BE, Klein R, Mares-Perlman JA. Alcohol use and lens opacities in the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993;111:113–117
  141. Robin AL, Natchiar G, Thulasiraj RD, Venkataswamy G. A long-term approach to eliminate cataract blindness [editorial]. Ophthalmology. 1997;104:571–572[see comments]
  142. Rosenthal FS, Phoon C, Bakalian AE, Taylor HR. The ocular dose of ultraviolet radiation to outdoor workers. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1988;29:649–656
  143. Roy H. Cigarette smoking and risk of cataracts. JAMA. 1993;269:748;[letter; comment]
  144. Ruit S, Brian G, Hollows F. On the practicalities of eye camp cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation in Nepal. Ophthalmic Surg. 1990;21:862–865
  145. Salchert JJ. Cigarette smoking and risk of cataracts. JAMA. 1993;269:747;[letter]
  146. Schwab L. Cataract blindness in developing nations. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1990;30:16–18
  147. Schwab L. Eye Care in Developing Nations. New York: Oxford University Press; 1990;
  148. Schwab L, Taylor HR. Cataract and delivery of surgical services in developing nations. In:  Tasman W,  Jaeger EA editor. Duanes Clinical Ophthalmology. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Co; 1993;p. 1–12
  149. Schwartz EC, Huss R, Hopkins A. Blindness and visual impairment in a region endemic for onchocerciasis in the Central African Republic. Br J Ophthalmol. 1997;81:443–447
  150. Seddon JM. The differential burden of blindness in the United States. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:1440–1442[editorial; comment]
  151. Seddon JM, Christen WG, Manson JE, et al.  The use of vitamin supplements and the risk of cataract among US male physicians. Am J Public Health. 1994;85:788–792
  152. Shamanna BR, Dandona L, Rao GN. Economic burden of blindness in India. Indian J Ophthalmol. 1998;46:169–172
  153. Snellingen T, Apple DJ. The south Asian cataract management study. Part I. The first 662 cataract surgeries (a preliminary report). Br J Ophthalmol. 1995;79:1029–1035
  154. Snellingen T, Shrestha BR, Gharti MP. Socioeconomic barriers to cataract surgery in Nepal (the South Asian cataract management study). Br J Ophthalmol. 1998;82:1424–1428
  155. Sommer A. Organizing to prevent Third World blindness [editorial]. Am J Ophthalmol. 1989;107:544–546[see comments]
  156. Song XJ: [An epidemiological survey of blindness and low vision in Hebei Province]. Chung Hua Yen Ko Tsa Chih 28:105–7, 1992
  157. Steinberg EP, Javitt JC, Sharkey PD. The content and cost of cataract surgery. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993;111:1041–1049
  158. Stromland K, Sundelin K. Paediatric and ophthalmologic observations in offspring of alcohol abusing mothers. Acta Paediatr. 1996;85:1463–1468
  159. Su XL, Liu SR: [Changing prevalence of blindness in 30 years in Guangdong Province]. Chung Hua Yen Ko Tsa Chih 26:108–10, 1990
  160. Sun BC. Prevention of blindness in China. Asia-Pacific J Ophthalmol. 1991;3:60–61
  161. Taylor A, Nowell T. Oxidative stress and antioxidant function in relation to risk for cataract. Adv Pharmacol. 1997;38:515–536
  162. Taylor HR. The environment and the lens. Br J Ophthalmol. 1980;64:303–310
  163. Taylor HR, West S, Munoz B. The long-term effects of visible light on the eye. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110:99–104[see comments]
  164. Taylor HR, West SK, Rosenthal FS. Effect of ultraviolet radiation on cataract formation. N Engl J Med. 1988;319:1429–1433[see comments]
  165. Thomson I. A clinic based survey of blindness and eye disease in Cambodia. Br J Ophthalmol. 1997;81:578–580
  166. Thylefors B. A global initiative for the elimination of avoidable blindness [editorial]. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;125:90–93[see comments]
  167. Thylefors B. The WHO programme for the Prevention of Blindness and cataract in developing countries. Doc Ophthalmol. 1992;81:339–344
  168. Thylefors B. Role of WHO and NGOs in National Eye Health Care Programmes. Asia-Pacific J Ophthalmol. 1991;3:47–48
  169. Thylefors B, Negrel AD, Pararajasegaram R, Dadzie KY. Global data on blindness. Bull World Health Organ. 1995;73:115–121
  170. Tuominen R, Immonen I, Raivio I. Economic evaluation of cataract surgery (a comparison between IOL and non-IOL techniques). Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1988;66:577–581
  171. Underwood BA, Arthur P. The contribution of vitamin A to public health. FASEB J. 1996;10:1040–1048
  172. van Heyningen R, Harding JJ. A case-control study of cataract in Oxfordshire (some risk factors). Br J Ophthalmol. 1988;72:804–808
  173. Van Heyningen R, Harding JJ. Risk factors for cataract (diabetes, myopia and sex). Colloq INSERM. 1986;147:381–385
  174. Vassileva P, Gieser S, West S. Prevalence of blindness and visual impairment due to cataract—Sofia Eye Survey. Dev Ophthalmol. 1997;27:19–24
  175. Vassileva P, Gieser SC, Vitale S. Blindness and visual impairment in western Bulgaria. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 1996;3:143–149
  176. Venkataswamy G. Blindness control in India. Semin Ophthalmol. 1993;8:171–176
  177. Venkataswamy G. Can cataract surgery be marketed like hamburgers in developing countries?. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993;111:580
  178. Venkataswamy G, Lepkowski JM, Ravilla T. Rapid epidemiologic assessment of cataract blindness. The aravind rapid epidemiologic assessment staff. Int J Epidemiol. 1989;18(Suppl):S60–S67
  179. Vitale S, West S, Hallfrisch J. Plasma antioxidants and risk of cortical and nuclear cataract. Epidemiology. 1993;4:195–203[see comments]
  180. Ward M. Blindness in the developing world. Br J Ophthalmol. 1994;78:159;[letter; comment]
  181. Weinreb O, Dovrat A. Transglutaminase involvement in UV-A damage to the eye lens. Exp Eye Res. 1996;63:591–597
  182. West S. Does smoke get in your eyes? [editorial; comment]. JAMA. 1992;268:1025–1026[see comments]
  183. West S, Munoz B, Emmett EA, Taylor HR. Cigarette smoking and risk of nuclear cataracts. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107:1166–1169
  184. West S, Munoz B, Schein OD. Cigarette smoking and risk for progression of nuclear opacities. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113:1377–1380
  185. West S, Munoz B, Vitale S. Watermen Study II (smoking and nuclear opacities). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1992;33:1097;[abstract]
  186. West SK, Duncan DD, Munoz B. Sunlight exposure and risk of lens opacities in a population-based study (the Salisbury Eye Evaluation project). JAMA. 1998;280:714–718[see comments]
  187. West SK, Quigley HA. Cataract blindness (what to do?). Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;109:1665–1666[editorial, comment]
  188. West SK, Valmadrid CT. Epidemiology of risk factors for age-related cataract. Surv Ophthalmol. 1995;39:323–334
  189. West SK. Daylight, diet, and age-related cataract. Optom Vis Sci. 1993;70:869–872
  190. Wilson J. Clearing the cataract backlog. Br J Ophthalmol. 1987;71:158–160
  191. World Health Organization . In: Informal consultation on analysis of blindness prevention outcomes. Geneva: WHO; 1998;p. 1–23
  192. World Health Organization . In: Report of the informal consultation for research developments on solar UV-radiation and cataractogenesis. Geneva: WHO; 1994;p. 1–13
  193. World Health Organization. Global Initiative for the Elimination of Avoidable Blindness (WHO/PBL/97.61), 1997
  194. World Health Organization (WHO) . Use of intraocular lenses in cataract surgery in developing countries (Memorandum from a WHO meeting). Bull WHO. 1991;69:657–666
  195. Xu JJ, Yu Q: [An epidemiological survey and treatment of blindness in Kaipin County of Guangdong Province]. Chung Hua Yen Ko Tsa Chih 28:265–6, 1992
  196. Young PW, Schwab L. Intraocular lens implantation in developing countries (an ophthalmic surgical dilemma). Ophthalmic Surg. 1989;20:241–244[see comments]
  197. Yuan JQ. Implant eye camp in the Peoples Republic of China. Implant Ophthalmol. 1988;2:204–205
  198. Zhang B, Gao S, Tao W. An epidemiological survey of cataract in China. Dev Ophthalmol. 1997;27:89–94
  199. Zhang JX: [A survey of blindness and low vision in Shanxi Province]. Chung Hua Yen Ko Tsa Chih 26:39–42, 1990
  200. Zhang SY: [The 1987 National Epidemiological Survey of Blindness and Low Vision in China]. Chung Hua Yen Ko Tsa Chih 28:260–4, 1992
  201. Zhang SY, Zou LH, Gao YQ. National epidemiological survey of blindness and low vision in China. Chin Med J (Engl). 1992;105:603–608
  202. Zhu SP, Xu JJ, Yu Q: [An epidemiologic survey of blindness and low vision in persons over 45 years old in Doumen County]. Chung Hua Yen Ko Tsa Chih 30:386–8, 1994

PII: S0039-6257(00)00171-5

Survey of Ophthalmology
Volume 45 , Pages S32-S44 , November 2000