Survey of Ophthalmology
Volume 45 , Pages S221-S226 , March 2001

Diagnosis of Dry Eye

  • Anthony J Bron, BSc, FRCOphth

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint address: Professor Anthony J Bron, Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Walton Street, Oxford, OX2 6AW, UK

References 

  1. Anagnoste SR, Hall LS, Lisman RD. Vapor pressure osmolarity of tears as a clinical tool for evaluation of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996;37:852
  2. Bjerrum KB. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca and primary Sjögrens syndrome in a Danish population aged 30–60 years. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1997;75:281–286
  3. Brewitt H, Sistani F. Dry eye disease (The scale of the problem). Surv Ophthalmol. 2001;45(Suppl 2):S199–S202
  4. Bron AJ. The Doyne Lecture. Reflections on the tears. Eye. 1997;11:583–602
  5. Bron AJ, Benjamin L, Snibson GR. Meibomian gland disease. Classification and grading of lid changes. Eye. 1991;5:395–411
  6. Chiang B, Asbell PA, Franklin B. Phenol red thread test and Schirmer test for tear production in normal and dry eye patients. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1988;29:337
  7. Danjo Y, Watanabe H, Tisdale AS, et al.  Alteration of mucin in human conjunctival epithelia in dry eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998;39:2602–2609
  8. Eliason JA, Maurice DM. Staining of the conjunctiva and conjunctival tear film. Br J Ophthalmol. 1990;74:519–522
  9. Feenstra RP, Tseng SC. What is actually stained by rose bengal?. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110:984–993
  10. Gilbard JP, Farris RL. Ocular surface drying and tear film osmolarity in thyroid eye disease. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1983;61:108–116
  11. Gilbard JP, Farris RL. Tear osmolarity and ocular surface disease in keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Arch Ophthalmol. 1979;97:1642–1646
  12. Gilbard JP, Rossi SR, Gray KL, et al.  Tear film osmolarity and ocular surface disease in two rabbit models for keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1988;29:374–378
  13. Gilbard JP, Rossi SR, Heyda KG. Tear film and ocular surface changes after closure of the meibomian gland orifices in the rabbit. Ophthalmology. 1989;96:1180–1186
  14. Guillon JP. Use of the Tearscope Plus and attachments in the routine examination of the marginal dry eye contact lens patient. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1998;438:859–867
  15. Gupta A, Heigles TJ, Pflugfelder SC. Nasolacrimal stimulation of aqueous tear production. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996;37:851
  16. Hamano T. The clinical significance of the phenol red thread tear test. Folia Ophthalmol Jpn. 1991;42:719–727
  17. Lemp MA. Report of the National Eye Institute/Industry workshop on clinical trials in dry eyes. CLAO J. 1995;21:221–232
  18. Lemp MA, Hamill JR. Factors affecting tear film breakup in normal eyes. Arch Ophthalmol. 1973;89:103–105
  19. Mainstone JC, Bruce AS, Golding TR. Tear meniscus measurement in the diagnosis of dry eye. Curr Eye Res. 1996;15:653–661
  20. Mathers WD. Ocular evaporation in meibomian gland dysfunction and dry eye. Ophthalmology. 1993;100:347–351
  21. Mathers WD, Shields WJ, Sachdev MS, et al.  Meibomian gland dysfunction in chronic blepharitis. Cornea. 1991;10:277–285
  22. Mengher LS, Bron AJ, Tonge SR, Gilbert DJ. A non-invasive instrument for clinical assessment of the pre-corneal tear film stability. Curr Eye Res. 1985;4:1–7
  23. Mengher LS, Bron AJ, Tonge SR, Gilbert DJ. Effect of fluorescein instillation on the pre-corneal tear film stability. Curr Eye Res. 1985;4:9–12
  24. Norn MS. Lissamine green. Vital staining of the cornea and conjunctiva. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1973;51:483–491
  25. Norn MS. Dead, degenerate, and living cells in conjunctival fluid and mucous thread. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1969;47:1102–1115
  26. Pflugfelder SC, Tseng SC, Sanabria O, et al.  Evaluation of subjective assessments and objective diagnostic tests for diagnosing tear-film disorders known to cause ocular irritation. Cornea. 1998;17:38–56
  27. Schein OD, Munoz B, Tielsch JM, et al.  Prevalence of dry eye among the elderly. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997;124:723–728
  28. Schein OD, Tielsch JM, Munoz B, et al.  Relation between signs and symptoms of dry eye in the elderly. A population-based perspective. Ophthalmology. 1997;104:1395–1401
  29. Schirmer O. Studien zur Physiologie und Pathologie der Tränenabsonderung und Tränenabfuhr. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1903;56:197–291
  30. Shimazaki J. Definition and criteria of dry eye. Report of the Dry Eye Research/Diagnostic Standards Committee. Ophthalmology (Japan). 1995;37:765–770
  31. Van Bijsterveld OP. Diagnostic tests in the sicca syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. 1969;82:10–14
  32. Watanabe H, Tanaka M. Rose bengal staining and expression of mucin-like glycoprotein in cornea epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996;37:S357
  33. White KM, Benjamin WJ, Hill RM. Human basic tear fluid osmolality. I. Importance of sample collection strategy. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1993;71:524–529
  34. White KM, Benjamin WJ, Hill RM. Human basic tear fluid osmolality. II. Importance of processing strategy. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1993;71:530–538
  35. Yokoi N, Bron A, Tiffany J. Reflective meniscometry (a non-invasive method to measure tear meniscus curvature). Br J Ophthalmol. 1999;83:92–97
  36. Yokoi N, Mossa F, Tiffany JM, Bron AJ. Assessment of meibomian gland function in dry eye using meibometry. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999;117:723–729
  37. Yokoi N, Takehisa Y, Kinoshita S. Correlation of tear lipid layer interference patterns with the diagnosis and severity of dry eye. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996;122:818–824

PII: S0039-6257(00)00201-0

Survey of Ophthalmology
Volume 45 , Pages S221-S226 , March 2001