Survey of Ophthalmology
Volume 45 , Pages S256-S260 , May 2001

Physiological Approaches to Neuroprotection: Boosting of Protective Autoimmunity

  • Michal Schwartz, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint address: Michal Schwartz, MD, Dept of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.

References 

  1. Brooks DE, Garcia GA, Dreyer EB, et al.  Vitreous body glutamate concentration in dogs with glaucoma. Am J Vet Res. 1997;58:864–867
  2. Cohen IR, Schwartz M. Autoimmune maintenance and neuroprotection of the central nervous system. J Neuroimmunol. 1999;100:111–114
  3. Dreyer EB, Zurakowski D, Schumer RA, et al.  Elevated glutamate levels in the vitreous body of humans and monkeys with glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1996;114:299–305
  4. Faden AI, Ivanova SA, Yakovlev AG, Mukhin AG. Neuroprotective effects of group III mGluR in traumatic neuronal injury. J Neurotrauma. 1997;14:885–895
  5. Fisher J, Levkovitch-Verbin H, Schori H, et al.  Vaccination for neuroprotection in the mouse optic nerve (implications for optic neuropathies). J Neurosci. 2001;21:136–142
  6. Grabb MC, Choi DW. Ischemic tolerance in murine cortical cell culture (critical role for NMDA receptors). J Neurosci. 1999;19:1657–1662
  7. Hauben E, Butovsky O, Nevo U. Passive or active immunization with myelin basic protein promotes recovery from spinal cord contusion. J Neurosci. 2000;20:6421–6430
  8. Hauben E, Nevo U, Yoles E, et al.  Autoimmune T cells as potential neuroprotective therapy for spinal cord injury. Lancet. 2000;355:286–287[letter]
  9. Hirschberg DL, Moalem G, He J, et al.  Accumulation of passively transferred primed T cells independently of their antigen specificity following central nervous system trauma. J Neuroimmunol. 1998;89:88–96
  10. Kipnis J, Yoles E, Porat Z, et al.  T cell immunity to copolymer 1 confers neuroprotection on the damaged optic nerve (possible therapy for optic neuropathies). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97:7446–7451
  11. Kipnis J, Yoles E, Schwartz M: Genetic control of immune response to trauma: vaccination for acute and chronic CNS degenerative disorders. J Neuroscience (in press)
  12. McIntosh TK. Novel pharmacologic therapies in the treatment of experimental traumatic brain injury (a review). J Neurotrauma. 1993;10:215–261
  13. Moalem G, Leibowitz-Amit R, Yoles E, et al.  Autoimmune T cells protect neurons from secondary degeneration after central nervous system axotomy. Nat Med. 1999;5:49–55
  14. Moalem G, Monsonego A, Shani Y, et al.  Differential T cell response in central and peripheral nerve injury (connection with immune privilege). FASEB J. 1999;13:1207–1217
  15. Moalem G, Gdalyahu A, Shani Y, et al.  Production of neurotrophins by activated T cells (implications for neuroprotective autoimmunity). J Autoimmunity. 2000;15:331–345
  16. Neufeld AH. Nitric oxide (a potential mediator of retinal ganglion cell damage in glaucoma). Surv Ophthalmol. 1999;43(Suppl 1):S129–S135
  17. Schori H, Yoles E, Kipnis J, et al.  Vaccination for protection of neurons against glutamate cytotoxicity and ocular hypertension (implications for glaucoma). Proc Nat Acad Sci (USA). 2001;13:3398–3403
  18. Schwartz M, Belkin M, Yoles E, Solomon A. Potential treatment modalities for glaucomatous neuropathy (neuroprotection and neuroregeneration). J Glaucoma. 1998;5:427–432
  19. Schwartz M, Cohen IR. Autoimmunity can benefit self-maintenance. Immunol Today. 2000;21:265–268
  20. Schwartz M, Cohen I, Lazarov-Spiegler O, et al.  The remedy may lie in ourselves (prospects for immune cell therapy in central nervous system protection and repair). J Mol Med. 1999;77:713–717
  21. Schwartz M, Moalem G, Leibowitz-Amit R, Cohen IR. Innate and adaptive immune responses can be beneficial for CNS repair. Trends Neurosci. 1999;22:295–299
  22. Schwartz M, Yoles E. Self-destructive and self-protective processes in the damaged optic nerve (implications for glaucoma). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999;41:349–351
  23. Schwartz M. Vaccination for T cell-mediated neuroprotection (dream or reality?). Drug Dev Res. 2000;50:223–225
  24. Yoles E, Schwartz M. Degeneration of spared axons following partial white matter lesion (implications for optic nerve neuropathies). Exp Neurol. 1998;153:1–7
  25. Yoles E, Schwartz M. Elevation of intraocular glutamate levels in rats with partial lesion of the optic nerve. Arch Ophthalmol. 1998;116:906–910
  26. Yoles E, Schwartz M. Potential neuroprotective therapy for glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Surv Ophthalmol. 1998;42:367–372
  27. Yoles E, Friedmann I, Barouch R, et al.  Self-protective mechanism awakened by glutamate in retinal ganglion cells. J Neurotrauma. 2001;18:339–349
  28. Yoles E, Hauben E, Palgi O, et al: Benefical autoimmunity is a psychological response to central nervous system trauma. J Neuroscience (in press)

PII: S0039-6257(01)00208-9

Survey of Ophthalmology
Volume 45 , Pages S256-S260 , May 2001

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