Survey of Ophthalmology
Volume 46, Issue 1 , Pages 1-18 , July 2001

Hypopyon Uveitis

  • Andrew Ramsay, BSc, FRCOphth
    • ,
  • Susan Lightman, PhD, FRCP, FRCOphth, FMedSci

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint address: Professor S. Lightman, Department of Clinical Ophthalmology, Institute of Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, City Rd, London EC1V 2PD, United Kingdom.

References 

  1. —–— . Criteria for diagnosis of Behcets disease. International Study Group for Behcets Disease. Lancet. 1990;335:1078–1080
  2. ——– . Results of the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study. A randomized trial of immediate vitrectomy and of intravenous antibiotics for the treatment of postoperative bacterial endophthalmitis. Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study Group. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113:1479–1496
  3. Abdalla MI, el-D Bahoat N. Long-lasting remission of Behcets disease after chlorambucil therapy. Br J Ophthalmol. 1973;57:706–711
  4. Abraham JC. Prevention and treatment of eye complications in leprosy. Lepr India. 1976;48:763–769
  5. Abramson DH, Wachtel A, Watson CW, et al.  Leukemic hypopyon. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1981;18:42–44
  6. Abu el-Asrar AM, al-Amro SA, al-Mosallam AA, al-Obeidan S. Post-traumatic endophthalmitis (causative organisms and visual outcome). Eur J Ophthalmol. 1999;9:21–31
  7. Affeldt JC, Flynn HW, Forster RK, et al.  Microbial endophthalmitis resulting from ocular trauma. Ophthalmology. 1987;94:407–413
  8. Aktulga E, Altac M, Muftuoglu A, et al.  A double blind study of colchicine in Behcets disease. Haematologica. 1980;65:399–402
  9. al Faran MF. Brucella melitensis endogenous endophthalmitis. Ophthalmologica. 1990;201:19–22
  10. al Hazzaa SA, Tabbara KF, Gammon JA. Pink hypopyon (a sign of Serratia marcescens endophthalmitis). Br J Ophthalmol. 1992;76:764–765
  11. al-Kaff AS. Ocular brucellosis. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1995;35:139–145
  12. Albert DM, Lahav M, Troczynski E, Bahr R. Black hypopyon (report of two cases). Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 1975;193:81–94
  13. Algan M, Jonon B, George JL, et al.  Listeria monocytogenes endophthalmitis in a renal-transplant patient receiving ciclosporin. Ophthalmologica. 1990;201:23–27
  14. Anandi V, George JA, Thomas R, et al.  Phaeohyphomycosis of the eye caused by Exserohilum rostratum in India. Mycoses. 1991;34:489–491
  15. Apple DJ, Mamalis N, Steinmetz RL, et al.  Phacoanaphylactic endophthalmitis associated with extracapsular cataract extraction and posterior chamber intraocular lens. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984;102:1528–1532
  16. Asbell P, Stenson S. Ulcerative keratitis. Survey of. 1982;30(years laboratory experience. Arch Ophthalmol 100):77–80
  17. Ayliffe W, Foster CS, Marcoux P, et al.  Relapsing acute myeloid leukemia manifesting as hypopyon uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1995;119:361–364
  18. Bacon AS, Frazer DG, Dart JK, et al.  A review of 72 consecutive cases of Acanthamoeba keratitis, 1984–1992. Eye. 1993;7:719–725
  19. Badeeb O, Anwar M, Farwan K, et al.  Leukemic infiltrate versus anterior uveitis. Ann Ophthalmol. 1992;24:295–298
  20. Ball SF, Loftfield K, Scharfenberg J. Molteno rip-cord suture hypopyon. Ophthalmic Surg. 1990;21:407–411discussion 411–2
  21. Ballen PH, Loffredo FR, Painter B. Listeria endophthalmitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1979;97:101–102
  22. Balmer A, Gailloud C, Munier F, et al: [Unusual presentation of retinoblastoma]. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 204:313–5, 1994
  23. Bar-Shavit R, Benezra M, Sabbah V, et al.  Thrombin as a multifunctional protein (induction of cell adhesion and proliferation). Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1992;6:123–130
  24. Barile GR, Flynn TE. Syphilis exposure in patients with uveitis. Ophthalmology. 1997;104:1605–1609
  25. Barra C, Belfort Junior R, Abreu MT, et al.  Behcets disease in Brazil—a review of 49 cases with emphasis on ophthalmic manifestations. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 1991;35:339–346
  26. Beckingsale AB, Davies J, Gibson JM, Rosenthal AR. Acute anterior uveitis, ankylosing spondylitis, back pain, and HLA-B27. Br J Ophthalmol. 1984;68:741–745
  27. Bedrossian EH. Hypopyon keratitis (following muscle surgery). Am J Ophthalmol. 1966;61:1530–1532
  28. Behcet H. Uber rezidivierende aphthose, durch ein virus verursatchte geschwure am mund, am auge und an dem genitalien. Dermatol Wochenschr. 1937;36:1152–1157
  29. Behrens-Baumann W: [Diagnosis and therapy of fungal keratitis—a review]. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 210:A10–3, 1997
  30. Benezra D, Cohen E. Treatment and visual prognosis in Behcets disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 1986;70:589–592
  31. Bentley C, Stanford M, Shilling J, et al.  Macular ischaemia in posterior uveitis. Eye. 1993;7:411–414
  32. Bhadresa GN. Changes in the anterior segment as a presenting feature in leukaemia. Br J Ophthalmol. 1971;55:133–135
  33. Brewerton DA, Hart FD, Nicholls A, et al.  Ankylosing spondylitis and HL-A 27. Lancet. 1973;1:904–907
  34. Brian GR, Treplin MC. Listeria monocytogenes endophthalmitis (a case report). Aust NZ J Ophthalmol. 1988;16:329–331
  35. Brown RH, Yang LH, Walker SD, et al.  Treatment of bleb infection after glaucoma surgery. Arch Ophthalmol. 1994;112:57–61
  36. Bunin N, Rivera G, Goode F, Hustu HO. Ocular relapse in the anterior chamber in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 1987;5:299–303
  37. Bunin NJ, Pui CH, Hustu HO, Rivera GK. Unusual extramedullary relapses in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Pediatr. 1986;109:665–668
  38. Calabro JJ, Eyvazzadeh C, Weber CA. Contemporary management of ankylosing spondylitis. Compr Ther. 1986;12:11–18
  39. Calder VL, Shaer B, Muhaya M. Increased CD4+ expression and decreased IL-10 in the anterior chamber in idiopathic uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999;40:2019–2024
  40. Chee SP, Ang CL. Endogenous Klebsiella endophthalmitis—a case series. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1995;24:473–478
  41. Ciulla TA, Beck AD, Topping TM, Baker AS. Blebitis, early endophthalmitis, and late endophthalmitis after glaucoma-filtering surgery. Ophthalmology. 1997;104:986–995
  42. Cohen JS, Bibler L, Tucker D. Hypopyon following laser iridotomy. Ophthalmic Surg. 1984;15:604–606
  43. Colmenero Castillo JD, Hernandez Marquez S, Reguera Iglesias JM, et al.  Comparative trial of doxycycline plus streptomycin versus doxycycline plus rifampin for the therapy of human brucellosis. Chemotherapy. 1989;35:146–152
  44. Corriveau C, Easterbrook M, Payne D. Lymphoma simulating uveitis (masquerade syndrome). Can J Ophthalmol. 1986;21:144–149
  45. Coster DJ, Badenoch PR. Host, microbial, and pharmacological factors affecting the outcome of suppurative keratitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1987;71:96–101
  46. Curto ML, D'Angelo P, Jankovic M, et al.  Isolated ocular relapse in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia during continuing complete remission. Haematologica. 1996;81:47–50
  47. Curto ML, Zingone A, Acquaviva A, et al.  Leukemic infiltration of the eye (results of therapy in a retrospective multicentric study). Med Pediatr Oncol. 1989;17:134–139
  48. Dacey MP, Valencia M, Lee MB, et al.  Echographic findings in infectious endophthalmitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1994;112:1325–1333
  49. Dada T, Sharma N, Dada VK, Vajpayee RB. Pneumococcal keratitis after laser in situ keratomileusis. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2000;26:460–461
  50. D'Alessandro LP, Forster DJ, Rao NA. Anterior uveitis and hypopyon. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1991;89:303–309discussion 309–11
  51. Darrell R, Wagener H, Kurland L. Epidemiology of uveitis, incidence and prevalence in a small urban community. Arch Ophthalmol. 1962;68:100
  52. Dawson CR, Togni B. Herpes simplex eye infections (clinical manifestations, pathogenesis and management). Surv Ophthalmol. 1976;21:121–135
  53. Daxecker F, Staudacher C. Ocular involvement in tuberculoid leprosy—a case report. Ophthalmologica. 1997;211:305–307
  54. Decker EB, Burnstine RA. Leukemic relapse presenting as acute unilateral hypopyon in acute lymphocytic leukemia. Ann Ophthalmol. 1993;25:346–349
  55. Deutsch D, Adler S, Teller J, Savir H. Endogenous candidal endophthalmitis. Ann Ophthalmol. 1989;21:260–265268,
  56. Deutsch TA, Goldberg MF. Painless endophthalmitis after cataract surgery. Ophthalmic Surg. 1984;15:837–840
  57. Doft BH, Barza M. Optimal management of postoperative endophthalmitis and results of the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 1996;7:84–94
  58. Doft BH, Clarkson JG, Rebell G, Forster RK. Endogenous Aspergillus endophthalmitis in drug abusers. Arch Ophthalmol. 1980;98:859–862
  59. Doren GS, Stern GA, Driebe WT. Indications for and results of intraocular lens explantation. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1992;18:79–85
  60. Durand L, Monnot JP, Burillon C, Assi A. Complications of radial keratotomy (eyes with keratoconus and late wound dehiscence). Refract Corneal Surg. 1992;8:311–314
  61. Eliott D, O'Brien TP, Green WR, et al.  Elevated intraocular pressure, pigment dispersion and dark hypopyon in endogenous endophthalmitis from Listeria monocytogenes. Surv Ophthalmol. 1992;37:117–124
  62. Ellis GS, Pakalnis VA, Worley G, et al.  Toxocara canis infestation. Clinical and epidemiological associations with seropositivity in kindergarten children. Ophthalmology. 1986;93:1032–1037
  63. Ells A, Clarke WN, Noel LP. Pseudohypopyon in acute myelogeneous leukemia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1995;32:123–124
  64. Espiritu CG, Gelber R, Ostler HB. Chronic anterior uveitis in leprosy (an insidious cause of blindness). Br J Ophthalmol. 1991;75:273–275
  65. Fanous MM, Cohn RA. Propionibacterium endophthalmitis following Molteno tube repositioning. J Glaucoma. 1997;6:201–202
  66. Farber BP, Weinbaum DL, Dummer JS. Metastatic bacterial endophthalmitis. Arch Intern Med. 1985;145:62–64
  67. Ferry AP, Font RL. Carcinoma metastatic to the eye and orbit. I. A clinicopathologic study of. 1974;227(cases. Arch Ophthalmol 92):276–286
  68. Ffytche TJ. Iritis in leprosy. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1981;101:325–327
  69. Ffytche TJ. Role of iris changes as a cause of blindness in lepromatous leprosy. Br J Ophthalmol. 1981;65:231–239
  70. Ficker L, Seal D, Wright P. Staphylococcal infection and the limbus (study of the cell-mediated immune response). Eye. 1989;3:190–193
  71. Fonseca E, Garcia-Silva J, del Pozo J, et al.  Syphilis in an HIV infected patient misdiagnosed as leprosy. J Cutan Pathol. 1999;26:51–54
  72. Friedman AH, Bloch R, Henkind P. Hypopyon and iris necrosis in angle-closure glaucoma. Report of two cases. Br J Ophthalmol. 1972;56:632–635
  73. Gabler B, Lohmann CP. Hypopyon after repeated transplantation of human amniotic membrane onto the corneal surface. Ophthalmology. 2000;107:1344–1346
  74. Garg P, Mathur U, Athmanathan S, Rao GN. Treatment outcome of Moraxella keratitis (our experience with 18 cases—a retrospective review). Cornea. 1999;18:176–181
  75. Gills JP. Sterile hypopyon. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1992;18:203
  76. Girard B, Brezin A, Gaumond MC, et al: [Diffuse retinoblastoma—apropos of a case]. Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr 89:25–30, 1989
  77. Glickman L, Schantz P, Dombroske R, Cypess R. Evaluation of serodiagnostic tests for visceral larva migrans. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1978;27:492–498
  78. Goldey SH, Stern GA, Oblon DJ, et al.  Immunophenotypic characterization of an unusual T-cell lymphoma presenting as anterior uveitis. A clinicopathologic case report. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107:1349–1353
  79. Grabner G, Luger TA, Smolin G, Oppenheim JJ. Corneal epithelial cell-derived thymocyte-activating factor (CETAF). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1982;23:757–763
  80. Greenwald MJ, Wohl LG, Sell CH. Metastatic bacterial endophthalmitis (a contemporary reappraisal). Surv Ophthalmol. 1986;31:81–101
  81. Gruenewald RL, Perry MC, Henry PH. Leukemic iritis with hypopyon. Cancer. 1979;44:1511–1513
  82. Haik BG, Dunleavy SA, Cooke C, et al.  Retinoblastoma with anterior chamber extension. Ophthalmology. 1987;94:367–370
  83. Harada Y, Kuriyagawa K, Okada K, et al: [Anterior segment of the eye and cranial nervous (II, III, VI, VII) infiltration in relapsing acute lymphoblastic leukemia (L1)]. Rinsho Ketsueki 35:1371–7, 1994
  84. Harnett AN, Hirst A, Plowman PN. The eye in acute leukaemia. 1. Dosimetric analysis in cranial radiation prophylaxis. Radiother Oncol. 1987;10:195–202
  85. Harnett AN, Plowman PN. The eye in acute leukaemia. 2. The management of solitary anterior chamber relapse. Radiother Oncol. 1987;10:203–207
  86. Hatchome N, Tagami H. Hypopyon-iridocyclitis as a complication of pustular psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1985;13:828–829
  87. Heidemann DG, Dunn SP, Haimann M. Endophthalmitis after radial keratotomy enhancement. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1997;23:951–953
  88. Henderly DE, Genstler AJ, Smith RE, Rao NA. Changing patterns of uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1987;103:131–136
  89. Hira SK, Patel JS, Bhat SG, et al.  Clinical manifestations of secondary syphilis. Int J Dermatol. 1987;26:103–107
  90. Hirose H, Terasaki H, Awaya S, Yasuma T. Treatment of fungal corneal ulcers with amphotericin B ointment. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997;124:836–838
  91. Holbrook CT, Elsas FJ, Crist WM, Castleberry RP. Acute leukemia and hypopyon. J Pediatr. 1978;93:626–628
  92. Huang SC, Soong HK, Chang JS, Liang YS. Non-tuberculous mycobacterial keratitis (a study of 22 cases). Br J Ophthalmol. 1996;80:962–968
  93. Hussein N, Ostler H. Hansen disease. In:  Pepose JS,  Holland GN,  Wilhelmus KR editor. Ocular Infection and Immunity. St Louis: Mosby; 1996;p. 1421–1429
  94. Iijima S, Iwata M, Otsuka F. Psoriatic arthritis and hypopyon-iridocyclitis. Possible mechanism of the association of psoriasis and anterior uveitis. Dermatology. 1996;193:295–299
  95. Iijima S, Iwata M, Otsuka F. Rheological analysis of peripheral blood neutrophils in a patient with cutaneous and arthropathic psoriasis accompanying hypopyon-iridocyclitis. Australas J Dermatol. 1996;37(Suppl 1):S40–S41
  96. Ionides AC, Tuft SJ, Ferguson VM, et al.  Corneal infiltration after recurrent corneal epithelial erosion. Br J Ophthalmol. 1997;81:537–540
  97. Jain S, Azar DT. Eye infections after refractive keratotomy. J Refract Surg. 1996;12:148–155
  98. Jankovic M, Masera G, Uderzo C, et al.  Recurrences of isolated leukemic hypopyon in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer. 1986;57:380–384
  99. Jewelewicz DA, Schiff WM, Brown S, Barile GR. Rifabutin-associated uveitis in an immunosuppressed pediatric patient without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;125:872–873
  100. Johnson MW, Doft BH, Kelsey SF, et al.  The Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study. Relationship between clinical presentation and microbiologic spectrum. Ophthalmology. 1997;104:261–272
  101. Johnson RN, Flynn HW, Parel JM, Portugal LM. Transient hypopyon with marked anterior chamber fibrin following pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil injection. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107:683–686
  102. Joko S, Numaga J, Fujino Y, et al: [HLA and uveitis in leprosy]. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 99:1181–5, 1995
  103. Karesh JW, Goldman EJ, Reck K, et al.  A prospective ophthalmic evaluation of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (correlation of ocular and hematologic findings). J Clin Oncol. 1989;7:1528–1532
  104. Kearney W. Leukemic hypopyon (a report of two cases). Am J Ophthalmol. 1965;59:495–497
  105. Keat A. Reiters syndrome and reactive arthritis in perspective. N Engl J Med. 1983;309:1606–1615
  106. Kellner H, Yu D. The pathogenetic aspects of spondyloarthropathies from the point of view of HLA-B27. Rheumatol Int. 1992;12:121–127
  107. Kelly L, Eliason J. Eikenella corrodens keratitis (case report). Br J Ophthalmol. 1989;73:22–24
  108. Kerr N, Stern GA. Bacterial keratitis associated with vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Cornea. 1992;11:355–359
  109. Khan MA. Pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis (recent advances). J Rheumatol. 1993;20:1273–1277
  110. Kraushar MF, Margolis S, Morse PH, Nugent ME. Pseudohypopyon in Bests vitelliform macular dystrophy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1982;94:30–37
  111. Kuo IC, Kapusta MA, Rao NA. Vitritis as the primary manifestation of ocular syphilis in patients with HIV infection. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;125:306–311
  112. Larkin G, Lightman S. Mycophenolate mofetil. A useful immunosuppressive in inflammatory eye disease. Ophthalmology. 1999;106:370–374
  113. Lee BL, van Heuven WA. Hypopyon uveitis following panretinal photocoagulation. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers. 1997;28:505–507
  114. Leonardy NJ, Rupani M, Dent G, Klintworth GK. Analysis of 135 autopsy eyes for ocular involvement in leukemia. Am J Ophthalmol. 1990;109:436–444
  115. Lightman S, Towler H. Uveitis. London: BMJ Books; 1998;
  116. Lin HP, Chandran S, Tan MK, Sinniah D. Hypopyon—an early sign of leukaemic relapse. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1980;8:97–100
  117. Lipton JH, McGowan HD, Payne DG. Ocular masquerade syndrome in lymphoid blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 1995;20:161–163
  118. Lohmann CP, Gabel VP, Heep M, et al.  Listeria monocytogenes-induced endogenous endophthalmitis in an otherwise healthy individual (rapid PCR-diagnosis as the basis for effective treatment). Eur J Ophthalmol. 1999;9:53–57
  119. Lucas D. Greers Ocular Pathology. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1989;ed 4
  120. Macsai MS, Agarwal S. Staphylococcal endophthalmitis following cataract extraction in a patient with Dariers disease. Cornea. 1998;17:335–337
  121. Maier G, Miller B, Freedman J, Baumgarten I. HLA antigens in acute anterior uveitis in South African blacks. Br J Ophthalmol. 1980;64:329–331
  122. Mamo JG. The rate of visual loss in Behcets disease. Arch Ophthalmol. 1970;84:451–452
  123. Marak GE. Phacoanaphylactic endophthalmitis. Surv Ophthalmol. 1992;36:325–339
  124. Masera G, Carnelli V, Uderzo C, et al.  Leukaemic hypopyon in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia after interruption of treatment. Arch Dis Child. 1979;54:73–74
  125. Masi AT, Medsger TA. A new look at the epidemiology of ankylosing spondylitis and related syndromes. Clin Orthop. 1979;21:15–29
  126. Masuda K, Nakajima A, Urayama A. Double masked trial of cyclosporine versus colchicine in Behcets disease. Lancet. 1989;1:1093–1096
  127. Matano S, Ohta T, Nakamura S, et al.  Leukemic hypopyon in acute myelogenous leukemia. Ann Hematol. 2000;79:455–458
  128. McCoy R, White L, Tait B, Ebringer R. Serum immunoglobulins in acute anterior uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1984;68:807–810
  129. McLeod SD, Flowers CW, Lopez PF, et al.  Endophthalmitis and orbital cellulitis after radial keratotomy. Ophthalmology. 1995;102:1902–1907
  130. Mead M. Evaluation and initial management of patients with ocular and adnexal trauma. In:  Jacobiec A editors. Principles and Practice of Opthalmology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 1996;p. 3362–3382
  131. Meisler DM, Mandelbaum S. Propionibacterium-associated endophthalmitis after extracapsular cataract extraction. Review of reported cases. Ophthalmology. 1989;96:54–61
  132. Michelson JB, Chisari FV. Behcets disease. Surv Ophthalmol. 1982;26:190–203
  133. Miedziak AI, Miller MR, Rapuano CJ, et al.  Risk factors in microbial keratitis leading to penetrating keratoplasty. Ophthalmology. 1999;106:1166–1170discussion 1171
  134. Minnear FL, DeMichele MA, Leonhardt S, et al.  Isoproterenol antagonizes endothelial permeability induced by thrombin and thrombin receptor peptide. J Appl Physiol. 1993;75:1171–1179
  135. Mishima S, Masuda K, Izawa Y, et al.  The eighth Frederick H. Verhoeff Lecture. presented by Saiichi Mishima, MD (Behcets disease in Japan: ophthalmologic aspects). Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1979;77:225–279
  136. Miyazaki D, Inoue Y, Araki-Sasaki K, et al.  Neutrophil chemotaxis induced by corneal epithelial cells after herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. Curr Eye Res. 1998;17:687–693
  137. Mizushima Y, Inaba G, Mimura Y, et al: Guide for the diagnosis of Behcet disease, report of the Behcet disease research committee. Japan Ministry of Health and Welfare, 1987
  138. Mochizuki K, Jikihara S, Ando Y, et al.  Incidence of delayed onset infection after trabeculectomy with adjunctive mitomycin C or 5-fluorouracil treatment. Br J Ophthalmol. 1997;81:877–883
  139. Mochizuki M, Holland GN, Akduman L, Nussenblatt R. Behcet disease. In:  Pepose JS,  Wilhelmus KR editor. Ocular Infection and Immunity. St. Louis: Mosby; 1996;p. 663–675
  140. Mondino BJ, Kowalski R, Ratajczak HV, et al.  Rabbit model of phlyctenulosis and catarrhal infiltrates. Arch Ophthalmol. 1981;99:891–895
  141. Mondino BJ, Rabin BS, Kessler E, et al.  Corneal rings with gram-negative bacteria. Arch Ophthalmol. 1977;95:2222–2225
  142. Mukhai S. Diagnosis of ocular melanoma. In:  Jacobiec A editors. Principles and Practice of Opthalmology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 1996;p. 3209–3216
  143. Mulhern MG, Condon PI, O'Keefe M. Endophthalmitis after astigmatic myopic laser in situ keratomileusis. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1997;23:948–950
  144. Nakae K, Masaki F, Hashimoto T, et al: A nationwide epidemiological survey on Behcet disease, report 2: association of HLA B51 with clinic-epidemiological features, in Report of Behcet Disease Research Committee. Japan: Ministry of Health and Welfare; 1992
  145. Newman PE, Goodman RA, Waring GO, et al.  A cluster of cases of Mycobacterium chelonei keratitis associated with outpatient office procedures. Am J Ophthalmol. 1984;97:344–348
  146. Novakovic P, Kellie SJ, Taylor D. Childhood leukaemia (relapse in the anterior segment of the eye). Br J Ophthalmol. 1989;73:354–359
  147. Nussenblatt RB. Uveitis in Behcets disease. Int Rev Immunol. 1997;14:67–79
  148. Nussenblatt RB, Palestine AG, Chan CC. Cyclosporine therapy for uveitis (long-term followup). J Ocul Pharmacol. 1985;1:369–382
  149. Nussenblatt RBWS, Palestine AG. Toxocara canis infection. In:  Nussenblatt RB editors. Uveitis-Fundamentals and Clinical Practice. Chicago: Year Book; 1996;p. 138–143
  150. Ohkoshi K, Tsiaras WG. Prognostic importance of ophthalmic manifestations in childhood leukaemia. Br J Ophthalmol. 1992;76:651–655
  151. Ohno S, Maatsuda H. Studies of HLA antigens in Behcet disease in Japan. In:  Lehner T editors. Recent Advances in Behcets Disease. London: Royal Society of Medicine Services; 1986;p. 11–16
  152. Okhravi N, Towler HM, Hykin P, et al.  Assessment of a standard treatment protocol on visual outcome following presumed bacterial endophthalmitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1997;81:719–725
  153. Olsen TW, Sternberg P, Capone A, et al.  Macular hole surgery using thrombin-activated fibrinogen and selective removal of the internal limiting membrane. Retina. 1998;18:322–329
  154. Olsen TW, Sternberg P, Martin DF, et al.  Postoperative hypopyon after intravitreal bovine thrombin for macular hole surgery. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996;121:575–577
  155. Ormerod LD, Hertzmark E, Gomez DS, et al.  Epidemiology of microbial keratitis in southern California. A multivariate analysis. Ophthalmology. 1987;94:1322–1333
  156. Ormerod LD, Ho DD, Becker LE, et al.  Endophthalmitis caused by the coagulase-negative staphylococci. 1. Disease spectrum and outcome. Ophthalmology. 1993;100:715–723
  157. Ormerod LD, Puklin JE, Giles CL. Chronic Propionibacterium acnes endophthalmitis as a cause of intermediate uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 1997;5:67–68
  158. Ostler HB. The immunology of Hansens disease. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1985;25:117–131
  159. Ozyazgan Y, Yurdakul S, Yazici H, et al.  Low dose cyclosporin A versus pulsed cyclophosphamide in Behcets syndrome (a single masked trial). Br J Ophthalmol. 1992;76:241–243
  160. In:  Parke I,  Shaver R,  Toxocariasis in Pepose JS,  Wilhelmus KR editor. Ocular Infection and Immunity. St Louis: Mosby; 1996;ed 1, pp 1225–35
  161. Patel AS, Hemady RK, Rodrigues M, et al.  Endogenous Fusarium endophthalmitis in a patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Am J Ophthalmol. 1994;117:363–368
  162. Pfister RR, Haddox JL. A neutrophil chemoattractant is released from cellular and extracellular components of the alkali-degraded cornea and blood. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996;37:230–237
  163. Pfister RR, Haddox JL, Dodson RW, Harkins LE. Alkali-burned collagen produces a locomotory and metabolic stimulant to neutrophils. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1987;28:295–304
  164. Pfister RR, Haddox JL, Sommers CI. Injection of chemoattractants into normal cornea (a model of inflammation after alkali injury). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998;39:1744–1750
  165. Pfister RR, Haddox JL, Sommers CI. Effect of synthetic metalloproteinase inhibitor or citrate on neutrophil chemotaxis and the respiratory burst. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997;38:1340–1349
  166. Pfister RR, Haddox JL, Sommers CI, Lam KW. Identification and synthesis of chemotactic tripeptides from alkali- degraded whole cornea. A study of N-acetyl-proline-glycine-proline and N-methyl-proline-glycine-proline. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995;36:1306–1316
  167. Pietruschka G. About the incidence and significance of hypopyon in anterior uveitis. Surv Ophthalmol. 1967;12:530–532
  168. Pollard ZF, Jarrett WH, Hagler WS, et al.  ELISA for diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis. Ophthalmology. 1979;86:743–752
  169. Psilas K, Papadimitriou CS: [A case of secondary ghost cell glaucoma with pseudohypopyon after cataract extraction]. J Fr Ophtalmol 7:133–5, 1984
  170. Pulido JS, Folberg R, Carter KD, Coonan P. Histoplasma capsulatum endophthalmitis after cataract extraction. Ophthalmology. 1990;97:217–220
  171. Reed JB, Morse LS, Schwab IR. High-dose intravenous pulse methylprednisolone hemisuccinate in acute Behcet retinitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;125:409–411
  172. Reed M, Hibberd PL. Endoscopy and endophthalmitis. N Engl J Med. 1989;321:836
  173. Richburg FA, Reidy JJ, Apple DJ, Olson RJ. Sterile hypopyon secondary to ultrasonic cleaning solution. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1986;12:248–251
  174. Ridgway EW, Jaffe N, Walton DS. Leukemic ophthalmopathy in children. Cancer. 1976;38:1744–1749
  175. Ronday MJ, Stilma JS, Barbe RF, et al.  Aetiology of uveitis in Sierra Leone, west Africa. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996;80:956–961
  176. Roney P, Barr CC, Chun CH, Raff MJ. Endogenous aspergillus endophthalmitis. Rev Infect Dis. 1986;8:955–958
  177. Rootman J, Gudauskas G. Treatment of ocular leukemia with local chemotherapy. Cancer Treat Rep. 1985;69:119–122
  178. Rosenbaum JT. Characterization of uveitis associated with spondyloarthritis. J Rheumatol. 1989;16:792–796
  179. Rosenthal AR. Ocular manifestations of leukemia. A review. Ophthalmology. 1983;90:899–905
  180. Rosselet E, Gailloud C, Verrey F: [Retinoblastoma and hypopyon]. Ophthalmologica 161:139–44, 1970
  181. Santoni G, Fiore C, Lupidi G, Bibbiani U. Recurring bilateral hypopyon in chronic myeloid leukemia in blastic transformation. A case report. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1985;223:211–213
  182. Sasaki T, Kusalba Y, Yamamoto , et al.  HLA B27 and anterior uveitis in the Japanese population. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 1979;23:374
  183. Schachat AP, Jabs DA, Graham ML, et al.  Leukemic iris infiltration. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1988;25:135–138
  184. Schantz PM, Glickman LT. Toxocaral visceral larva migrans. N Engl J Med. 1978;298:436–439
  185. Scherer WJ, Lee K. Implications of early systemic therapy on the incidence of endogenous fungal endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology. 1997;104:1593–1598
  186. Scholz R, Green WR, Baranano EC, et al.  Metastatic carcinoma to the iris. Diagnosis by aqueous paracentesis and response to irradiation and chemotherapy. Ophthalmology. 1983;90:1524–1527
  187. Schwartz SD, Borchert M, Oberman A. Hypopyon keratouveitis in acute angle-closure glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1987;104:430–431
  188. Shields JA. Ocular toxocariasis. A review. Surv Ophthalmol. 1984;28:361–381
  189. Shields JA, Parsons HM, Shields CL, Shah P. Lesions simulating retinoblastoma. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1991;28:338–340
  190. Shimada K, Yaoita H, Shikano S. Chemotactic activity in the aqueous humour in patients with Behcets disease. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 1972;16:84–92
  191. Shimizu T, Ehrlich GE, Inaba G, Hayashi K. Behcet disease (Behcet syndrome). Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1979;8:223–260
  192. Shin DH. Transient hypopyon following primary or adjunct argon laser photocoagulation. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107:1566
  193. Shin DH. Another hypopyon following laser iridotomy. Ophthalmic Surg. 1984;15:968;[letter]
  194. Singh D. Localized bullous separation of Descemets membrane after previous cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1996;22:147–149
  195. Singh SM, Khan R, Sharma S, Chatterjee PK. Clinical and experimental mycotic corneal ulcer caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and the effect of oral ketoconazole in the treatment. Mycopathologia. 1989;106:133–141
  196. Smith RE, Weiner P. Unusual presentation of phacoanaphylaxis following phacoemulsification. Ophthalmic Surg. 1976;7:65–68
  197. Smith WS, Burke MJ, Wong KY. Hypopyon in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1984;12:258–259
  198. Sobel JD, Haim S, Obedeanu N, et al.  Polymorphonuclear leucocyte function in Behcets disease. J Clin Pathol. 1977;30:250–253
  199. Soloway S, Weissgold D. Images in clinical medicine. Hypopyon. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:1512
  200. Soloway S, Weissgold D. Images in clinical medicine. Hypopyon. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:1512;[published erratum]
  201. Sprenkels SH, Van Kregten E, Feltkamp TE. IgA antibodies against Klebsiella and other Gram-negative bacteria in ankylosing spondylitis and acute anterior uveitis. Clin Rheumatol. 1996;15(Suppl 1):48–51
  202. Sridhar MS, Garg P, Bansal AK, Gopinathan U. Aspergillus flavus keratitis after laser in situ keratomileusis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2000;129:802–804
  203. Sridhar MS, Sharma S, Reddy MK, et al.  Clinicomicrobiological review of Nocardia keratitis. Cornea. 1998;17:17–22
  204. Stefansson E, Cobo LM, Carlson AN, Kesler JL. Endocapsular hypopyon (a clinical sign of localized endophthalmitis). Ophthalmic Surg. 1990;21:221–222
  205. Tamesis RR, Foster CS. Ocular syphilis. Ophthalmology. 1990;97:1281–1287
  206. Templeton PA, Rao KC. Computed tomography of Toxocara canis endophthalmitis. J Comput Tomogr. 1987;11:99–101
  207. Thomas R, Braganza A, George T, Mermoud A. Vitreous opacities in phacolytic glaucoma. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers. 1996;27:839–843
  208. Thygeson P. Marginal corneal infiltrates and ulcers. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1947;51:198–207
  209. ouboul JP, Le Hoang P, Fontaine M, et al: [Uveitis in acquired syphilis]. J Fr Ophtalmol 8:321–31, 1985
  210. In:  Trocme SD,  Pavan-Langston D,  The spirochetes in Albert DM,  Jacobiec FA editor. Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1995;p. 834–839
  211. Trojan HJ, Schaller KF, Merschmann W: [Eye involvement in leprosy. A study in Togo, West Africa]. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 185:235–42, 1984
  212. Trudeau M, Shepherd FA, Blackstein ME, et al.  Intraocular lymphoma (report of three cases and review of the literature). Am J Clin Oncol. 1988;11:126–130
  213. Uchio E, Hatano H, Mitsui K, et al.  A retrospective study of herpes simplex keratitis over the last 30 years. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 1994;38:196–201
  214. Uniat LM, Olk RJ, Kenneally CZ, Windsor CE. Endophthalmitis after strabismus surgery with a good visual result. Ophthalmic Surg. 1988;19:42–43
  215. Verbraeken H. Diagnostic vitrectomy and chronic uveitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1996;234(Suppl 1):S2–S7
  216. Vine AK, Johnson MW. Thrombin in the management of full thickness macular holes. Retina. 1996;16:474–478
  217. Watt PJ. Pathogenic mechanisms of organisms virulent to the eye. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1986;105:26–31
  218. Wehrly SR, Manning FJ, Proia AD, et al.  Cytomegalovirus keratitis after penetrating keratoplasty. Cornea. 1995;14:628–633
  219. Weisenthal R, Frayer WC, Nichols CW, Eagle RC. Bilateral ocular disease as the initial presentation of malignant lymphoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1988;72:248–252-
  220. White L, McCoy R, Tait B, Ebringer R. A search for gram-negative enteric micro-organisms in acute anterior uveitis (association of klebsiella with recent onset of disease, HLA-B27, and B7 CREG). Br J Ophthalmol. 1984;68:750–755
  221. Wilhelmus K, et al.  Syphilis. In:  Pepose JS,  Holland GN,  Wilhelmus KR editor. Ocular Infection and Immunity. St Louis: Mosby; 1996;p. 1437–1466
  222. Wilhelmus K. Bacterial keratitis, in Pepose JS, Wilhelmus KR (eds): Ocular Infection and Immunity. St Louis, Mosby; 1996, pp 981–93
  223. Wilhelmus KR. The pathogenesis of endophthalmitis. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1987;27:74–81
  224. Wong JS, Chan TK, Lee HM, Chee SP. Endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis (an east Asian experience and a reappraisal of a severe ocular affliction). Ophthalmology. 2000;107:1483–1491
  225. Wormald RP, Harper JI. Bilateral black hypopyon in a patient with self-healing cutaneous malignant melanoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1983;67:231–235
  226. Wright P, Warhurst D, Jones BR. Acanthamoeba keratitis successfully treated medically. Br J Ophthalmol. 1985;69:778–782
  227. Yanoff M, Fine BS. Ocular Pathology. St Louis: Mosby; 1996;
  228. Yazici H, Pazarli H, Barnes CG, et al.  A controlled trial of azathioprine in Behcets syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:281–285
  229. Yorston D, Foster A. Traditional eye medicines and corneal ulceration in Tanzania. J Trop Med Hyg. 1994;97:211–214
  230. Yurdakul S, Gunaydin I, Tuzun Y, et al.  The prevalence of Behcets syndrome in a rural area in northern Turkey. J Rheumatol. 1988;15:820–822
  231. Zakka KA, Yee RD, Shorr N, et al.  Leukemic iris infiltration. Am J Ophthalmol. 1980;89:204–209
  232. Zambrano W, Flynn HW, Pflugfelder SC, et al.  Management options for Propionibacterium acnes endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology. 1989;96:1100–1105
  233. Zamiri P, Boyd S, Lightman S. Uveitis in the elderly—is it easy to identify the masquerade?. Br J Ophthalmol. 1997;81:827–831
  234. Zierhut M, Kreissig I, Pickert A. Panuveitis with positive serological tests for syphilis and Lyme disease. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1989;9:71–75discussion 76–8
  235. Zygulska-Mach H, Krukar-Baster K, Ziobrowski S. Ocular toxocariasis in children and youth. Doc Ophthalmol. 1993;84:145–154

PII: S0039-6257(01)00231-4

Survey of Ophthalmology
Volume 46, Issue 1 , Pages 1-18 , July 2001

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution