Survey of Ophthalmology
Volume 47, Issue 1 , Pages 27-35 , January 2002

Anomalous Orbital Structures Resulting in Unusual Strabismus

  • Gregg T Lueder, MD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint address: Gregg T. Lueder, MD, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University Medical Center, Box 8096, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110

References 

  1. Apple C. Congenital abducens paralysis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1939;22:169–173
  2. Chaum E, Hatton MP. Congenital nystagmus associated with multiple congenital anomalies of the extraocular muscles. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1999;36:155–157
  3. Clark RA, Miller JM, Demer JL. Location and stability of rectus muscle pulleys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997;38:227–240
  4. Demer JL, Miller JM, Poukens V, et al.  Evidence for fibromuscular pulleys of the recti extraocular muscles. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995;36:1125–1136
  5. Engle E. A genetic approach to congenital extraocular muscle disorders. J Child Neurol. 1999;14:34–37
  6. Engle EC, Goumnerov BC, McKeown CA, et al.  Oculomotor nerve and muscle abnormalities in congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles. Ann Neurol. 1997;41:314–325
  7. Fleischer . Musculus retractor bulbi und drittes lid bei einer menschlichen missbildung. Anat Anz. 1907;30:465–470
  8. Haase W. Operative therapie bei einem fall mit doppeltem m. rectus superior. Klin Monatsbl Augenh. 1971;158:709–713
  9. Hotchkiss MG, Miller NR, Clark AW, Green WR. Bilateral Duane's retraction syndrome. A clinical-pathologic case report. Arch Ophthalmol. 1980;98:870–874
  10. LeDouble . Variations des muscles de l'oeil, des paupieres et du sourcil dans l'espece humaine. Arch D'Opthalmol. 1894;14:218–239
  11. Lueder GT, Dunbar JA, Soltau JB, et al.  Vertical strabismus resulting from an anomalous extraocular muscle. J Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1998;2:126–128
  12. McNeer KW, Jampolsky A. Double elevator palsy caused by anomalous insertion of the inferior rectus. Am J Ophthalmol. 1965;59:317–319
  13. Miller NR, Kiel SM, Green WR, Clark AW. Unilateral Duane's retraction syndrome (Type 1). Arch Ophthalmol. 1982;100:1468–1472
  14. Mühlendyck H, Markakis E, Helwig AT: Abnormal retraction syndrome due to persistent retractor bulbi. Transactions of the 19th meeting of the European Strabismological Association, Crete 169–73, 1991
  15. Nussbaum M. Vergleichend-anatomische beiträge zur kenntnis der augenmuskeln. Anat Anz. 1893;8:208–210
  16. Porter JD, Baker RS, Ragusa RJ, Brueckner JK. Extraocular muscles (basic and clinical aspects of structure and function). Surv Ophthalmol. 1995;39:451–484
  17. Posey WC. Concerning some gross structural anomalies of the eye and its adnexa. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1923;28:243–256
  18. Salus R. Ueber die angeborene retraktion des augapfels. Klin Monatsbl Augenh. 1934;92:79–85
  19. Savino G, D'Ambrosio A, Tamburrelli C, et al.  Restrictive limitation of sursumduction caused by an anomalous muscular structure. Ophthalmologica. 1998;212:424–428
  20. Scobee RG. Anatomic factors in the etiology of heterotropia. Am J Ophthalmol. 1948;31:781–795
  21. Sevel D. A reappraisal of the origin of the human extraocular muscles. Ophthalmology. 1981;88:1330–1338
  22. Sevel D. Extraocular muscles; their development and peculiarities. In:  Gorman CA editors. The Eye and Orbit in Thyroid Disease. New York: Raven Press; 1984;p. 33–41
  23. Valmaggia C, Zaunbauer W, Gottlob I. Elevation deficit caused by accessory extraocular muscle. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996;121:444–445
  24. Von Lüdinghausen M. Bilateral supernumerary rectus muscles of the orbit. Clin Anat. 1998;11:271–277
  25. Whitnall SE. An instance of the retractor bulbi muscle in man. J Anat Physiol. 1911;46:36–40

PII: S0039-6257(01)00285-5

Survey of Ophthalmology
Volume 47, Issue 1 , Pages 27-35 , January 2002

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution