The Trachoma “Menace” in the United States, 1897–1960

References 

1. Assalini P: Observations on the Disease Called the Plague, on the Dysentery, the Ophthalmy of Egypt, and on the Means of Prevention. With Some Remarks on the Yellow Fever of Cadiz, and the Description of Patients Affected with Epidemic and Contagious Diseases. Translated from the French by Adam Neale. New York, T & Y Swords, 1806
2. Bailey C. Trachoma (a survey of its prevalence in the mountain sections of east Tennessee and northern Georgia). Pub Health Rep. 1914;29:2417–2433
3. Bailey R, Lietman T. The SAFE strategy for the elimination of trachoma by 2020 (will it work?). Bull World Health Organ. 2001;79:233–236
   • MEDLINE
4. Berry GL. Trachoma in the United States. Mod Hosp. 1915;5:368–371
5. Bordley J. Trachoma in the American Negro race. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp. 1907;18:37–39
6. Bullard JW. Trachoma; a report. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1895;5:454–464
7. Burnett S. The racial and geographic distribution of trachoma in the United States of America. Am J Ophthalmol. 1896;13:257–272
8. Clark T. Trachoma. A survey of its prevalence in the mountain sections of Virginia and West Virginia. Pub Health Rep. 1914;29:1421–1448
9. Clark T. An investigation of the prevalence of trachoma in the state of Minnesota. Pub Health Rep. 1913;28:1331–1354
10. Cobb JC, Dawson CR. Trachoma among southwestern Indians. JAMA. 1961;175:405–406
    • MEDLINE
11. Cosgrove K. Trachoma problems in Arkansas. South Med J. 1941;34:1037–1040
    • CrossRef
12. Deaderick WH. A Practical Study of Malaria. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1909;
13. Deaderick WH, Thompson L. The Endemic Diseases of the Southern States. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1916;
14. Etheridge EW. The Butterfly Caste (A Social History of Pellagra in the South). Westport, CT: Greenwood; 1972;
15. Ettling J. The Germ of Laziness (Rockefeller Philanthropy and Public Health in the New South). Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press; 1981;
16. Forster WG, McGibony JR. Trachoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1944;27:1107–1117
17. Foster AD. Trachoma. A survey of its prevalence in the mountain regions of North and South Carolina. Pub Health Rep. 1914;29:1811–1821
18. Friederich R. Eye disease in the Navajo Indians. Ann Ophthalmol. 1982;14:38–40
    • MEDLINE
19. Furman B: A Profile of the United States Public Health Service 1798–1948. Washington, DC, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine (DHEW Publication No. NIH 73-369), 1973
20. Glikson J. Some observations on the trachoma problem. Am J Ophthalmol. 1950;33:616–617
21. Gradle HS. Incidence and distribution of trachoma in the United States. Sight Sav Rev. 1940;10:13–18
22. Green J. Prevalence of trachoma in the United States. Interstate Med J. 1913;20:535–547
23. Harlan H. Some impressions of eastern Kentucky and the trachoma problem in that region. Maryland Med J. 1915;58:277–279
24. Harris CM. Trachoma and some facts concerning its existence in western Pennsylvania. Outlook Blind. 1910;4:113–115
25. Harrison WH. Trachoma amongst the Indians of the United States of America. Ophthalmology. 1914;11:42–48
26. Herring RA. Trachoma (its prevalence in the schools of Tuscaloosa, Ala). Publ Health Rep. 1915;30:1685–1693
27. Hirschfelder M. The present status in the treatment and prevention of trachoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1950;33:188–196
    • MEDLINE
28. Hoshiwara I, Powers DK, Krutz G: Comprehensive trachoma control program among the southwestern American Indians, in Puig Solanes M (ed): Ophthalmology: Proceedings of the XXI International Congress, Mexico, DF, 8–14 March 1970, Part II. Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, pp 1935–9
29. Hurlin RG, Saffrin S, Rice CE. Causes of blindness among recipients of aid to the blind. Washington, DC: Bureau of Public Assistance; 1947;
30. Kelly LC. Navajo Indians and Federal Indian Policy 1900–1935. Tucson: University of Arizona Press; 1968;
31. Larkin BJ. A survey of the trachoma situation in Indianapolis. J Ind State Med Assoc. 1918;11:265–270
32. Lawler DJ, Biswell R, Sharvelle DJ. Trachoma among the Navajo Indians. Arch Ophthalmol. 1970;83:187–190
    • MEDLINE
33. Loe F. Sulfanilamide treatment of trachoma. JAMA. 1938;111:1371–1372
    • CrossRef
34. Markel H. The eyes have it (trachoma, the perception of disease, the United States Public Health Service, and the American Jewish Immigration experience, 1897–1924). Bull Hist Med. 2000;74:525–560
    • MEDLINE
35. McMullen J. Trachoma (a public health problem of the states). JAMA. 1920;75:1109–1112
36. McMullen J. The government's work in the eradication of trachoma. Mod Hosp. 1917;9:163–165
37. McMullen J. Trachoma (a survey of its prevalence in the mountain section of eastern Kentucky). Pub Health Rep. 1915;30:677–685
38. McMullen J. Trachoma, its prevalence and control among immigrants. JAMA. 1913;61:1110–1111
39. McMullen J. Trachoma in Kentucky. A report of a investigation of the prevalence of trachoma in the mountains of eastern Kentucky. Pub Health Marine Hosp Rep. 1912;27:1815–1822
40. Moll A. Trachoma in the highlands of Kentucky. Nurse. 1916;5:85–90
41. Murray NL. Trachoma in South Africa. S Afr J Clin Sci. 1953;4:119–203
42. National Society for the Prevention of Blindness . Estimated statistics on blindness and vision problems. New York: The National Society for the Prevention of Blindness; 1966;
43. Oakley J, Moore D. Trachoma in Kentucky. A report of a sanitary inspection of the schools of Jefferson County, KY, with special reference to the prevalence of trachoma. Pub Health Rep. 1914;29:1361–1364
44. Phillips OS: Trachoma on the Blackfeet Reservation. Ophthalmology 11:32–6, 1914–15
45. Portney GL, Hoshiwara I. Prevalence of trachoma among southwestern American Indian tribe. Am J Ophthalmol. 1970;70:843–846
    • MEDLINE
46. Portney GL, Portney SB. Five-year perspective on trachoma in the San Xavier Papago Indian. Arch Ophthalmol. 1974;92:211–212
    • MEDLINE
47. Portney GL, Portney SB. Epidemiology of trachoma in the San Xavier Papago Indians. Arch Ophthalmol. 1971;86:260–262
    • MEDLINE
48. Prince AE. Trachoma and the tin wash-basin. Med Surg Reporter. 1890;62:195–196
49. Rearwin DT, Tang JHE, Hughes JW. Causes of blindness among Navajo Indians (an update). J Am Optom Assoc. 1997;68:511–517
    • MEDLINE
50. Rice C. Trachoma in the native white population of the United States. Sight Sav Rev. 1933;3:105
51. Rice CE. Trachoma in the United States. Sight Sav Rev. 1934;1934:108–117
52. Schachter J, West SK, Mabey D. Azithromycin in control of trachoma. Lancet. 1999;354:630–635
    • Abstract
    • Full Text
    • Full-Text PDF (113 KB)
    • CrossRef
53. Schereschewsky JW. Trachoma in steel mill workers. An investigation of the origin and prevalence of the disease among the employees of the Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., Youngstown, Ohio. Pub Health Rep. 1914;29:561–570
54. Schereschewsky JW. Trachoma among the Indian. J Am Med Assoc. 1913;16:1113–1116
55. von Sholly AI: Ophthalmia schools for the prevention of trachoma and other infectious eye diseases, in Storey TA (ed): Transactions of the Fourth International Congress on School Hygiene, Buffalo, New York, August 25–30, 1913, Vol. 5. Buffalo, 1914, pp 101–6
56. Siniscal AA. The trachoma story. Pub Health Rep. 1955;70:497–507
57. Siniscal AA. Trachoma in Missouri. Arch Ophthalmol. 1949;42:422–437
58. Stieren E. Trachoma. A social disease. Penn Med J. 1908;12:377–381
59. Stucky JA. Trachoma among the natives of the mountains of eastern Kentucky. JAMA. 1913;61:116–124
60. T'ang FF, Chang HL, Huang YT, Wang KC. Studies on the etiology of trachoma with special reference to isolation of the virus in chick embryo. Chin Med J. 1957;75:429–447
61. Thygeson P. The nature of the elementary and initial bodies of trachoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1934;12:307
62. Vetch J: An Account of the Ophthalmia Which Has Appeared in England Since the Return of the British Army from Egypt. London, Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme, 1807
63. Wagemans M, van Bijsterveld OP. The French Egyptian campaign and its effects on ophthalmology. Doc Ophthalmol. 1988;68:135–144
    • MEDLINE
64. Whitcher JP, Srinivasan M, Upadhyay MP. Corneal blindness (a global perspective). Bull World Health Organ. 2001;79:214–221
    • MEDLINE
65. Williams RC. The United States Public Health Service, 1798–1950. Washington, DC: Commissioned Officers Association of the United States Public Health Service; 1951;
66. Wilson RP: Trachoma: A Selection of Personal Observations and Experiences. Giza Memorial Ophthalmic Laboratory, Report No. 14. Cairo, The Laboratory, 1939–1944, pp 24–25
67. World Health Organization . Cases of trachoma reported in various countries and territories since 1945. WHO Epid Vital Stat Rep. 1955;8:432–434
68. World Health Organization . World distribution and prevalence of trachoma in recent years. WHO Epid Vital Stat Rep. 1949;2:230–277