Survey of Ophthalmology
Volume 48, Issue 4 , Pages 369-388 , July 2003

Ligneous conjunctivitis

  • Volker Schuster, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics, Leipzig University Medical School, Leipzig, Germany
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint address: Volker Schuster, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Leipzig University Medical School, Oststrasse 21-25, D-04317 Leipzig, Germany
  • ,
  • Stefan Seregard, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Ophthalmic Pathology and Oncology Service, Saint Eriks Eye Hospital and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

References 

  1. Abreu GB, Versalovic CA, Abreu EB, et al.  Conjuntivite lenhosa: apresentção de um caso. ArqIPB. 1992;34:85–87
  2. Aoki N, Moroi M, Sakata Y, et al.  Abnormal plasminogen. A hereditary molecular abnormality found in a patient with recurrent thrombosis. J Clin Invest. 1978;61:1186–1195
  3. Arumugam S, Jang YC, Chen-Jensen C, et al.  Temporal activity of plasminogen activators and matrix metalloproteinases during cutaneous wound repair. Surgery. 1999;125:587–593
  4. Babcock MF, Bedford RF, Berry FA. Ligneous tracheobronchitis: an unusual cause of airway obstruction. Anesthesiology. 1987;67:819–821
  5. Bateman JB, Pettit TH, Isenberg SJ, Simons KB. Ligneous conjunctivitis: an autosomal recessive disorder. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1986;23:137–140
  6. Baykara M, Moray P, Tavassoli S. Oral findings in a ligneous conjunctivitis case. HÜ Dis Hek Fak Dergisi. 1995;19:116–118
  7. Berlin AJ, Carim M, Langston RH, Price RL. Scleral grafting in the management of ligneous conjunctivitis. Ophthalmic Surg. 1982;13:288–291
  8. Berta A, Tozser J, Holly FJ. Determination of plasminogen activator activities in normal and pathological human tears. The significance of tear plasminogen activators in the inflammatory and traumatic lesions of the cornea and the conjunctiva. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1990;68:508–514
  9. Bierly JR, Blandford DL, Weeks JA, Baker RS. Ligneous conjunctivitis as a complication following strabismus surgery. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1994;31:99–103
  10. Bietti G, Quaranta CA. [Clinical contribution to current therapeutic orientations in conjunctivitis lignosa]. Doc Ophthalmol. 1969;26:629–638
  11. Borel MG. Un nouveau syndrome oculo-palpébral. Ann Oculistique. 1934;171:207–222
  12. Borel MG. Un nouveau syndrome palpébral. Bull Soc Fr Ophthalmol. 1933;46:168–180
  13. Bosselini PL. Sur deux cas de pseudo-milium colloide familial. Ann Dermatol Syph Paris. 1906;7:751
  14. Bouisson M. Ophthalmie sur-aigue avec formation de pseudomembranes àla surface de la conjonctive. Ann Oculist. 1847;17:100–104
  15. Buck DC, Ridley CM. Ligneous conjunctivitis involving the cervix. Case report. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1990;97:193
  16. Bugge TH, Flick MJ, Daugherty CC, Degen JL. Plasminogen deficiency causes severe thrombosis but is compatible with development and reproduction. Genes Dev. 1995;9:794–807
  17. Bugge TH, Kombrinck KW, Flick MJ, et al.  Loss of fibrinogen rescues mice from the pleiotropic effects of plasminogen deficiency. Cell. 1996;87:709–719
  18. Bujadoux A. Les conjonctivites ligneuses. Soc Ophthal Midi France. 1942;1:417–422
  19. Carmeliet P, Schoonjans L, Kieckens L, et al.  Physiological consequences of loss of plasminogen activator gene function in mice. Nature. 1994;368:419–424
  20. Cernea P, Craitoiu S. [The etiopathogenetic aspects in ligneous conjunctivitis]. Oftalmologia. 1991;35:27–34
  21. Chai F, Coates H. Otolaryngological manifestations of ligneous conjunctivitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2003;67:189–194
  22. Chambers JD, Blodi FC, Golden B, McKee AP. Ligneous conjunctivitis. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1969;73:996–1004
  23. Chen S, Wishart M, Hiscott P. Ligneous conjunctivitis: a local manifestation of a systemic disorder?. JAAPOS. 2000;4:313–315
  24. Chen ZL, Strickland S. Neuronal death in the hippocampus is promoted by plasmin-catalyzed degradation of laminin. Cell. 1997;91:917–925
  25. Chowdhury MM, Blackford S, Williams S. Juvenile colloid milium associated with ligneous conjunctivitis: report of a case and review of the literature. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2000;25:138–140
  26. Cohen SR. Ligneous conjunctivitis: an ophthalmic disease with potentially fatal tracheobronchial obstruction. Laryngeal and tracheobronchial features. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1990;99:509–512
  27. Cohen Tervaert D, Cruysberg JR, Deutman AF, Manschot WA. Ligneous conjunctivitis. Doc Ophthalmol. 1986;64:5–11
  28. Cooper TJ, Kazdan JJ, Cutz E. Lingeous conjunctivitis with tracheal obstruction. A case report, with light and electron microscopy findings. Can J Ophthalmol. 1979;14:57–62
  29. De Cock R, Ficker LA, Dart JG, et al.  Topical heparin in the treatment of ligneous conjunctivitis. Ophthalmology. 1995;102:1654–1659
  30. Demarmels Biasiutti F, Sulzer I, Stucki B, et al.  Is plasminogen deficiency a thrombotic risk factor? A study on 23 thrombophilic patients and their family members. Thromb Haemost. 1998;80:167–170
  31. Demeulemeester C, Meire F, Hanssens M, De Laey JJ. A puzzling case: conjunctivitis lignosa?. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol. 1998;268:143–147
  32. Diamond JP, Chandna A, Williams C, et al.  Tranexamic acid-associated ligneous conjunctivitis with gingival and peritoneal lesions. Br J Ophthalmol. 1991;75:753–754
  33. Dolan G, Greaves M, Cooper P, Preston FE. Thrombovascular disease and familial plasminogen deficiency: a report of three kindreds. Br J Haematol. 1988;70:417–421
  34. Drew AF, Kaufman AH, Kombrinck KW, et al.  Ligneous conjunctivitis in plasminogen-deficient mice. Blood. 1998;91:1616–1624
  35. Duke-Elder S. Diseases of the outer eye. In: Systems of Ophthalmology. Vol. 8:St. Louis: CV Mosby Co; 1965;p. 95–99
  36. Eagle RC, Brooks JS, Katowitz JA, et al.  Fibrin as a major constituent of ligneous conjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1986;101:493–494
  37. Ebner H, Gebhart W. Colloid milium: light and electron microscopic investigations. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1977;2:217–226
  38. Ergin Ciftci E, Ince E, Akar N, et al.  Ligneous conjunctivitis, hydrocephalus, hydrocele, and pulmonary involvement in a child with homozygous type I plasminogen deficiency. Eur J Pediatr. 2003;Apr 26: [epub ahead of print]
  39. Firat T. Ligneous conjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1974;78:679–688
  40. Firat T. A new method for the treatment of ligneous conjunctivitis. Turk J Pediatr. 1969;11:31–37
  41. Firat T, Tinaztepe B. Histochemical investigations on ligneous conjunctivitis and a new method of treatment. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1970;48:3–13
  42. Francois J. Considerations on the importance of genetics in ophthalmology. Ophthalmologica. 1979;178:381–395
  43. Francois J, Hanssens M, Victoria-Troncoso V. [A pathological, histochemical, pathogenic and therapeutic study of the ligneous conjunctivitis]. Ophthalmologica. 1968;155:169–185
  44. Francois J, Victoria-Troncoso V. Treatment of ligneous conjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1968;65:674–678
  45. Francois J, Victoria-Troncoso V. [Ligneous conjunctivitis]. Ophthalmologica. 1967;154:470–482
  46. François J, Nover A, Hanssens M, Victoria-Troncoso V. Nouvelle observation histo-chimique de la conjunctivite ligneuse. Ann Ocul (Paris). 1966;199:982–989
  47. Frimodt-Moller J. Conjunctivitis ligneosa combined with a dental affection. Report of a case. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1973;51:34–38
  48. Gartner J. [Treatment and pathogenesis of ligneous conjunctivitis (authors transl)]. Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 1974;190:229–245
  49. Georgiades G, Argalias A. Deux cas de conjonctivite ligneuse. Arch Soc Ophthal Grèce Nord. 1960;9:150
  50. Gimenez-Almenara Parada G, Gimenez Almenara J. [Ligneous conjunctivitis (chronic pseudo-membranous conjunctivitis)]. Bull Mem Soc Fr Ophtalmol. 1981;93:157–161
  51. Girard LJ, Veselinovic A, Font RL. Ligneous conjunctivitis after pingueculae removal in an adult. Cornea. 1989;8:7–14
  52. Girolami A, Marafioti F, Rubertelli M, Cappellato MG. Congenital heterozygous plasminogen deficiency associated with a severe thrombotic tendency. Acta Haematol. 1986;75:54–57
  53. Gokbuget AY, Mutlu S, Scully C, et al.  Amyloidaceous ulcerated gingival hyperplasia: a newly described entity related to ligneous conjunctivitis. J Oral Pathol Med. 1997;26:100–104
  54. Goldman H, Hof W. Familiäre pseudomembranöse Conjunctivitis. Schweiz Med Wschr. 1954;84:73–75
  55. Guerra R, Tosi P, Bonanni R. [Amyloid and plasma cell conjunctivitis, clinically ligneous conjunctivitis (histopathological study apropos of 24 biopsy cases)]. Arch De Vecchi Anat Patol. 1968;53:487–498
  56. Gunhan O, Celasun B, Perrini F, et al.  Generalized gingival enlargement due to accumulation of amyloid-like material. J Oral Pathol Med. 1994;23:423–428
  57. Gunhan O, Gunhan M, Berker E, et al.  Destructive membranous periodontal disease (Ligneous periodontitis). J Periodontol. 1999;70:919–925
  58. Handfield-Jones SE, Atherton DJ, Black MM, et al.  Juvenile colloid milium: clinical, histological and ultrastructural features. J Cutan Pathol. 1992;19:434–438
  59. Hashimoto K, Nakayama H, Chimenti S, et al.  Juvenile colloid milium. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. J Cutan Pathol. 1989;16:164–174
  60. Heinz C, Kremmer S, Externbrink P, Steuhl KP. [Ligneous conjunctivitis in a patient with plasminogen type I deficiency—case report with review of literature]. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 2002;219:156–158
  61. Hidayat AA, Riddle PJ. Ligneous conjunctivitis. A clinicopathologic study of 17 cases. Ophthalmology. 1987;94:949–959
  62. Holland EJ, Chan CC, Kuwabara T, et al.  Immunohistologic findings and results of treatment with cyclosporine in ligneous conjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1989;107:160–166
  63. Holland EJ, Olsen TW, Ketcham JM, et al.  Topical cyclosporin A in the treatment of anterior segment inflammatory disease. Cornea. 1993;12:413–419
  64. Hornova J, Dlushosova O. Primary amyloidosis of gingiva and conjunctiva and mental disorder in a brother and sister. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1968;25:457–464
  65. Ichinose A, Espling ES, Takamatsu J, et al.  Two types of abnormal genes for plasminogen in families with a predisposition for thrombosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1991;88:115–119
  66. Kanai A, Polack FM. Histologic and electron microscope studies of ligneous conjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1971;72:909–916
  67. Kao WW, Kao CW, Kaufman AH, et al.  Healing of corneal epithelial defects in plasminogen- and fibrinogen-deficient mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998;39:502–508
  68. Klebe S, Walkow T, Hartmann C, Pleyer U. Immunohistological findings in a patient with unusual late onset manifestations of ligneous conjunctivitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1999;83:878–879
  69. Kosik D, Landolt E, Speiser P. [Conjunctivitis lignosa]. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1980;176:640–643
  70. Kraft J, Lieb W, Zeitler P, Schuster V. Ligneous conjunctivitis in a girl with severe type I plasminogen deficiency. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2000;238:797–800
  71. Kramer MD, Schaefer B, Reinartz J. Plasminogen activation by human keratinocytes: molecular pathways and cell-biological consequences. Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler. 1995;376:131–141
  72. Landolfo V, De Simone S, Frederico A, Albini L. Clinical and biochemical study of ligneous conjunctivitis. Metab Pediatr Ophthalmol. 1979;3:21–23
  73. Lecame M, Conan S, Le Jeune V, et al.  Treating a ligneous conjunctivitis with false membrane through a local tri-therapy: a glucocorticoid, an anticoagulant and an immunosuppressor. J Pharm Clin. 2001;20:25–27
  74. Lijnen HR, Carmeliet P, Bouche A, et al.  Restoration of thrombolytic potential in plasminogen-deficient mice by bolus administration of plasminogen. Blood. 1996;88:870–876
  75. Lijó Pavı́a J. Tumor inflammatorio fungoso recidivante de la conjunctiva palpebral. Semana Med. 1924;31:326–331
  76. Lottenberg R, Dolly FR, Kitchens CS. Recurring thromboembolic disease and pulmonary hypertension associated with severe hypoplasminogenemia. Am J Hematol. 1985;19:181–193
  77. Lund LR, Romer J, Bugge TH, et al.  Functional overlap between two classes of matrix-degrading proteases in wound healing. EMBO J. 1999;18:4645–4656
  78. Lütjen-Drecoll E, Sames K, Straub W, Krug KP. Clinical, electron-microscopic, and histochemical investigations of conjunctivitis lignosa. Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 1975;194:175–191
  79. Marcus DM, Walton D, Donshik P, et al.  Ligneous conjunctivitis with ear involvement. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990;108:514–519
  80. Martinovic E, Ells A. Ligneous conjunctivitis related to a defect in the fibrinolytic system. Can J Ophthalmol. 2001;36:147–149
  81. Mawas E, Tremoulet O, Moulinard L, Morard JC. [The course of ligneous conjunctivitis]. Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr. 1971;71:1068–1077
  82. McGrand JC, Rees DM, Harry J. Ligneous conjunctivitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1969;53:373–381
  83. Meire FM, Claerhout I, Kestelyn PH. Use of mitomycin C and r-tPA for the management of conjunctival membrane and cataracts in a child with conjunctivitis lignosa. Br J Ophthalmol. 2000;84:1204–1205
  84. Melikian HE. Treatment of ligneous conjunctivitis. Ann Ophthalmol. 1985;17:763–765
  85. Mingers AM, Heimburger N, Lutz E. Familiärer homozygoter und heterozygoter Typ I-Plasminogenmangel. In:  Scharrer I,  Schramm W editor. 25. Hämophilie-Symposium. Hamburg 1994. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag; 1995;p. 96–104
  86. Mingers AM, Heimburger N, Zeitler P, et al.  Homozygous type I plasminogen deficiency. Semin Thromb Hemost. 1997;23:259–269
  87. Mingers AM, Philapitsch A, Zeitler P, et al.  Human homozygous type I plasminogen deficiency and ligneous conjunctivitis. APMIS. 1999;107:62–72
  88. Newcomer V, Klein A. Ligneous conjunctivitis [proceedings]. Arch Dermatol. 1977;113:511–512
  89. Nover A, Knieper P. [Ligneous conjunctivitis: a disease of unknown etiology]. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1982;181:338–340
  90. Nussgens Z, Roggenkamper P. Ligneous conjunctivitis. Ten years follow-up. Ophthalmic Paediatr Genet. 1993;14:137–140
  91. Ny A, Leonardsson G, Hagglund AC, et al.  Ovulation in plasminogen-deficient mice. Endocrinology. 1999;140:5030–5035
  92. Obrucnikova E, Svec V, Borecky L. [Diagnosis and therapy of ligneous conjunctivitis]. Cesk Oftalmol. 1977;33:251–256
  93. Oguchi T. A kind of chronic membranous conjunctivitis occurring on brotherly two children. Acta Soc Ophthal Jap. 1937;41(Suppl):276–282
  94. Ozcelik U, Akcoren Z, Anadol D, et al.  Pulmonary involvement in a child with ligneous conjunctivitis and homozygous type I plasminogen deficiency. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2001;32:179–183
  95. Parunoviç A, Stefanoviç D. Conjunctivitis lignosa and hydrocephalus (an unusual association of 2 diseases). Vestn Oftalmol. 1993;109:30–31
  96. Pau H, Haensch R. [Conjunctivitis lignosa—an autoimmunity disease (authors transl)]. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1978;173:644–647
  97. Percival BH, Duthie DA. Notes on a case of colloid pseudo-milium. Br J Dermatol. 1948;60:399–401
  98. Petersen TE, Martzen MR, Ichinose A, Davie EW. Characterization of the gene for human plasminogen, a key proenzyme in the fibrinolytic system. J Biol Chem. 1990;265:6104–6111
  99. Pfannkuch F, Schmidt R, Schmidt B, Seiler T. [Morphologic studies of the pathogenesis of ligneous conjunctivitis]. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1987;190:40–45
  100. Ploplis VA, Carmeliet P, Vazirzadeh S, et al.  Effects of disruption of the plasminogen gene on thrombosis, growth, and health in mice. Circulation. 1995;92:2585–2593
  101. Ploplis VA, French EL, Carmeliet P, et al.  Plasminogen deficiency differentially affects recruitment of inflammatory cell populations in mice. Blood. 1998;91:2005–2009
  102. Plow EF, Herren T, Redlitz A, et al.  The cell biology of the plasminogen system. FASEB J. 1995;9:939–945
  103. Ramsby ML, Donshik PC, Makowski GS. Ligneous conjunctivitis: biochemical evidence for hypofibrinolysis. Inflammation. 2000;24:45–71
  104. Ramsey DT, Ketring KL, Glaze MB, et al.  Ligneous conjunctivitis in four Doberman pinschers. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1996;32:439–447
  105. Rao SK, Biswas J, Rajagopal R, et al.  Ligneous conjunctivitis: a clinicopathologic study of 3 cases. Int Ophthalmol. 1998;22:201–206
  106. Ridley CM, Morgan H. Ligneous conjunctivitis involving the fallopian tube. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1993;100:791
  107. Romer J, Bugge TH, Pyke C, et al.  Impaired wound healing in mice with a disrupted plasminogen gene. Nat Med. 1996;2:287–292
  108. Rubin A, Buck D, MacDonald MR. Ligneous conjunctivitis involving the cervix. Case report. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1989;96:1228–1230
  109. Rubin BI, Holland EJ, de Smet MD, et al.  Response of reactivated ligneous conjunctivitis to topical cyclosporine. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991;112:95–96
  110. Salonen EM, Lauharanta J, Sim PS, et al.  Rapid appearance of plasmin in tear fluid after ocular allergen exposure. Clin Exp Immunol. 1988;73:146–148
  111. Sartori MT, Patrassi GM, Theodoridis P, et al.  Heterozygous type I plasminogen deficiency is associated with an increased risk for thrombosis: a statistical analysis in 20 kindreds. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 1994;5:889–893
  112. Saubermann G. Conjunctivitis pseudomembranacea chronica granulomatosa (lignosa). Ophthalmologica. 1949;118:666–686
  113. Schaefer BM, Maier K, Eickhoff U, et al.  alpha 2-Antiplasmin and plasminogen activator inhibitors in healing human skin wounds. Arch Dermatol Res. 1996;288:122–128
  114. Schafer BM, Maier K, Eickhoff U, et al.  Plasminogen activation in healing human wounds. Am J Pathol. 1994;144:1269–1280
  115. Schott D, Dempfle CE, Beck P, et al.  Therapy with a purified plasminogen concentrate in an infant with ligneous conjunctivitis and homozygous plasminogen deficiency. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1679–1686
  116. Schuster V, Mingers AM, Seidenspinner S, et al.  Homozygous mutations in the plasminogen gene of two unrelated girls with ligneous conjunctivitis. Blood. 1997;90:958–966
  117. Schuster V, Seidenspinner S, Muller C, Rempen A. Prenatal diagnosis in a family with severe type I plasminogen deficiency, ligneous conjunctivitis and congenital hydrocephalus. Prenat Diagn. 1999;19:483–487
  118. Schuster V, Seidenspinner S, Zeitler P, et al.  Compound-heterozygous mutations in the plasminogen gene predispose to the development of ligneous conjunctivitis. Blood. 1999;93:3457–3466
  119. Schuster V, Zeitler P, Seregard S, et al.  Homozygous and compound-heterozygous type I plasminogen deficiency is a common cause of ligneous conjunctivitis. Thromb Haemost. 2001;85:1004–1010
  120. Schwartz GS, Holland EJ. Induction of ligneous conjunctivitis by conjunctival surgery. Am J Ophthalmol. 1995;120:253–254
  121. Scully C, Gokbuget AY, Allen C, et al.  Oral lesions indicative of plasminogen deficiency (hypoplasminogenemia). Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2001;91:334–337
  122. Scurry J, Planner R, Fortune DW, et al.  Ligneous (pseudomembranous) inflammation of the female genital tract. A report of two cases. J Reprod Med. 1993;38:407–412
  123. Shigekiyo T, Uno Y, Tomonari A, et al.  Type I congenital plasminogen deficiency is not a risk factor for thrombosis. Thromb Haemost. 1992;67:189–192
  124. Shimabukuro M, Iwasaki N, Nagae Y, et al.  Ligneous conjunctivitis: a case report. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2001;45:375–377
  125. Smith VA, Rishmawi H, Hussein H, Easty DL. Tear film MMP accumulation and corneal disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001;85:147–153
  126. Sood NN. Ligneous conjunctivitis (recurrent membranous conjunctivitis). J All India Ophthalmol Soc. 1968;16:148–151
  127. Spaeth GL. Chronic membranous conjunctivitis. A persisting problem. Am J Ophthalmol. 1967;64:300–305
  128. Spencer LM, Straatsma BR, Foos RY. Ligneous conjunctivitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1968;80:365–367
  129. Tait RC, Walker ID, Conkie JA, et al.  Isolated familial plasminogen deficiency may not be a risk factor for thrombosis. Thromb Haemost. 1996;76:1004–1008
  130. Tefs K, Tait RC, Walker ID, et al: A K19E missense mutation in the plasminogen gene is a common cause of familial hypoplasminogenemia. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis (In Press)
  131. Tervo T, Honkanen N, van Setten GB, et al.  A rapid fluorometric assay for tear fluid plasmin activity. Cornea. 1994;13:148–155
  132. Trojan H. [Histology of conjunctivitis lignosa]. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1971;158:551–554
  133. Tsirka SE, Bugge TH, Degen JL, Strickland S. Neuronal death in the central nervous system demonstrates a non-fibrin substrate for plasmin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94:9779–9781
  134. Tsirka SE, Rogove AD, Bugge TH, et al.  An extracellular proteolytic cascade promotes neuronal degeneration in the mouse hippocampus. J Neurosci. 1997;17:543–552
  135. Turner RB, Liu L, Sazonova IY, Reed GL. Structural elements that govern the substrate specificity of the clot dissolving enzyme plasmin. [abstract] Blood. 2001;98(Suppl):255
  136. Twining SS, Wilson PM, Ngamkitidechakul C. Extrahepatic synthesis of plasminogen in the human cornea is upregulated by interleukins-1alpha and −1beta. Biochem J. 1999;339:705–712
  137. Verhoeff FH. A case of ligneous conjunctivitis now 36 years in duration. Am J Ophthalmol. 1958;45:246–251
  138. von Graefe A. Chronische Bindehautentzündung. Von Graefes Arch Ophthalmol. 1854;1:168–178
  139. Watts P, Suresh P, Mezer E, et al.  Effective treatment of ligneous conjunctivitis with topical plasminogen. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;133:451–455
  140. Weinstock SM, Kielar RA. Bulbar ligneous conjunctivitis after pterygium removal in an elderly man. Am J Ophthalmol. 1975;79:913–915
  141. Winter FC, Michler R. Chronic membranous conjunctivitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1953;49:161–163
  142. Witmer R, Landolt E. [Conjunctivitis lignosa]. Fortschr Ophthalmol. 1986;83:69

 This study was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (grant Schu 560/4-3). The authors reported no proprietary or commercial interest in any product mentioned or concept discussed in this article.

PII: S0039-6257(03)00056-0

doi: 10.1016/S0039-6257(03)00056-0

Survey of Ophthalmology
Volume 48, Issue 4 , Pages 369-388 , July 2003