Survey of Ophthalmology
Volume 42, Issue 4 , Pages 321-350 , January 1998

Conjunctival Melanoma

  • Stefan Seregard, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Ophthalmic Pathology and Oncology Service, Saint Eriks Eye Hospital and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

References 

  1. Abramson DH, Rodriguez-Sains RS, Rubman R. Cutaneous and ocular malignant melanoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1980;98:1397–1399
  2. Ackerman AB. Response to Dr. Folberg et al (letter). Mod Pathol. 1992;5:6–8
  3. Ackerman AB. What nevus is dysplastic, a syndrome and the commonest precursor of malignant melanoma? A riddle and an answer. Histopathology. 1988;13:241–256
  4. Ackerman AB. Primary acquired melanosis (letter). Hum Pathol. 1985;16:1077–1078
  5. Ackerman AB, Sood R, Koenig M. Primary acquired melanosis of the conjunctiva is melanoma in situ. Mod Pathol. 1991;4:253–263
  6. Albert DM, Chang MA, Lamping K, et al.  The dysplastic nevus syndrome. A pedigree with primary malignant melanomas of the choroid and skin. Ophthalmology. 1985;92:1728–1734
  7. Albert DM, Searl SS, Forget B, et al.  Uveal findings in patients with cutaneous melanoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1983;95:474–479
  8. Allen AC. A reorientation on the histogenesis and clinical significance of cutaneous nevi and melanomas. Cancer. 1949;2:28–56
  9. Allen AC, Spitz S. Malignant melanomas. A clinicopathological analysis of the criteria for diagnosis and prognosis. Cancer. 1953;6:1–45
  10. Aoyagi M, Morishima N, Yoshino Y, et al.  Conjunctival malignant melanoma with xeroderma pigmentosum. Ophthalmologica. 1993;206:162–167
  11. Arif NN, Henkind P. Conjunctival melanomas. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1979;5:369
  12. Armitage P, Berry G. Statistical methods in medical research. London: Blackwell; 1987;
  13. Arocker-Mettinger E, Haddad R. Zur Behandlung der primär erworbenen Melanose der Bindehaut. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1985;187:353–355
  14. Ash JE. Epibulbar tumors. Am J Ophthalmol. 1950;33:1203–1219
  15. Ashton N. Malignant tumors of the eye and adnexa. In:  Raven RW editors. Cancer, Vol II. London: Butterworth; 1957;p. 599–616
  16. Aubert C, Rouge F, Reillaudou M, Metge P. Establishment and characterization of human ocular melanoma cell lines. Int J Cancer. 1993;54:784–792
  17. Augsburger JJ, Shields JA, Mastrangelo MJ, Frank PE. Diffuse primary malignant melanoma after primary cutaneous melanoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1980;98:1261–1264
  18. Augustsson A, Stierner U, Suurküla M, Rosdahl I. Prevalence of common and dysplastic nevi in a Swedish population. Br J Dermatol. 1991;124:152–156
  19. Baker SJ, Markowitz S, Fearon ER, et al.  Suppression of human colorectal carcinoma cell growth by wild-type p53. Science. 1990;249:912–915
  20. Balestrazzi E. Malignant melanoma of palpebral conjunctiva. Ophthalmologica. 1971;162:183–187
  21. Ball JM, Lamb DH. Epibulbar melanotic sarcoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1923;52:80–83
  22. Barnhill RJ, Roush GC. Correlation of clinical with histological features in atypical melanocytic nevi. Cancer. 1991;67:3157–3164
  23. Barthélémy F, Sargoussi JJ, Guimaraes MR. Que peut-on attendre des critères histologiques actuels de Clark et McGovern concernant le mélanome malin de la conjunctive. Bull Mem Soc Fr Ophthalmol. 1981;93:179–182
  24. Bataille V, Bishop JA, Sasieni P, et al.  Risk of cutaneous melanoma in relation to the numbers, types and sites of nevi (a case-control study). Br J Cancer. 1996;73:1605–1611
  25. Bataille V, Boyle J, Hungerford JL, Newton JA. Three cases of primary acquired melanosis of the conjunctiva as a manifestation of the atypical mole syndrome. Br J Dermatol. 1993;128:86–90
  26. Bataille V, Pinney E, Hungerford JL, et al.  Five cases of coexistent primary ocular and cutaneous melanoma. Arch Dermatol. 1993;129:198–201
  27. Bataille V, Sasieni P, Cuzick J, et al.  Risk of ocular melanoma in relation to cutaneous and iris nevi. Int J Cancer. 1995;60:622–626
  28. Baumgarten: Title unknown. Arch Heilk 16:270, 1852. Cited by Duke-Elder S, Leigh AG: Diseases of the outer eye: pigmented tumors, in Duke-Elder S (ed): System of Ophthalmology, Vol 8, London, Henry Kimpton, 1965, p 1220
  29. Becker SW, Fitzpatrick TB, Montgomery H. Human melanogenesis (cytology and histology of pigment cells (melanodendrocytes)). Arch Derm Syphilol. 1952;65:511–523
  30. Belkin PV. Malignant melanoma of the bulbar conjuctiva in a dog. Vet Med Small Anim Clin. 1975;70:957–958
  31. Benderitter T, Berard M, Bonerandi JJ, Lebreuil G. Les proliferations melaniques de la conjonctive. Etude histopathologique a propos d’une serie de 40 cas. J Fr Ophthalmol. 1985;8:411–422
  32. Bernardino VB, Naidoff MA, Clark WH. Malignant melanomas of the conjunctiva. Am J Ophthalmol. 1976;82:383–394
  33. Bergstrand CH: Chirurgiska iakttagelser. Tumörer av ovanlig beskaffenhet förekommande på ögonklotet. Operation (thesis). Uppsala, Leffler & Sebell, 1843, pp 30–43 (Swedish)
  34. Berta A, Tozser J, Holly FJ. Determination of plasminogen activator activities in normal and pathological human traumatic lesions of the cornea and the conjunctiva. Acta Ophthalmol. 1990;68:508–514
  35. Birns JW, Jenkins HA. Melanoma of the conjunctiva. A rational approach to management. Head Neck Surg. 1979;2:99–106
  36. Boente R. Metastatische melanoblastome. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1929;82:732–740
  37. Bosniak SL, Novick NL, Sachs ME. Treatment of recurrent squamous papillomata of the conjunctiva by carbon dioxide laser vaporization. Ophthalmology. 1986;93:1078–1082
  38. Breslow A. Thickness, cross-sectional areas and depth of invasion in the prognosis of cutaneous melanoma. Ann Surg. 1970;172:902–908
  39. Brovkina AF, Zarubei GD. Opyt lecheniia opukholei organa zreniia uzkim meditsinskim protonnym puchkom. Med Radiol (Mosk). 1987;32:61–66
  40. Brovkina AF, Zarubei GD, Khoroshkov VS: Results of proton beam irradiation therapy of conjunctival malignant tumors (abstract), in Frezzoti R, Balestrazzi E, Falco L, Esente S (eds): Proceedings of International Symposium on Intraocular and Epibulbar Tumors, Florence, Italy, 3–5 March, 1994. Bologna, Monduzzi Editore, 1994, pp 175–176
  41. Brownstein S, Henry M, Bernardo AI. Malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva after 11 years. Can J Ophthalmol. 1979;14:142–146
  42. Brownstein S, Jakobiec FA, Wilkinson RD, et al.  Cryotherapy for precancerous melanosis (atypical melanocytic hyperplasia) of the conjunctiva. Arch Ophthalmol. 1981;99:1224–1232
  43. Buckman G, Jakobiec FA, Folberg R, McNally LM. Melanocytic nevi of the palpebral conjunctiva. An extremely rare location usually signifying melanoma. Ophthalmology. 1988;95:1053–1057
  44. Buhrmann R, Davidsson JK, Cabrera A, et al.  Expressivity of proliferating cell nuclear antigen on conjunctival melanocytic lesions (abstract). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1926;35(Suppl):1994
  45. Buus DR, Tse DT, Folberg R. Microscopically controlled excision of conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1994;117:97–102
  46. Carswell R. Pathological anatomy, illustrations of the elementary forms of disease. Melanoma. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman; 1838;
  47. Cassady JV. Malignant melanoma of the corneal limbus. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1968;66:379–393
  48. Char DH. Clinical ocular oncology. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1989;
  49. Char DH. The management of lid and conjunctival malignancies. Surv Ophthalmol. 1980;24:679–689
  50. Char DH, Quivey JM, Castro JR, et al.  Helium ions versus iodine 125 brachytherapy in the management of uveal melanoma (A prospective, randomized, dynamically balanced trial). Ophthalmology. 1993;100:1547–1554
  51. Charles NC, Stenson S, Taterka HB. Epibulbar malignant melanoma in a black patient. Arch Ophthalmol. 1979;97:316–318
  52. Chauvel P, Caujolle JP, Sauerwein W, et al: Proton therapy as a possible salvage treatment for conjunctival melanomas (abstract), in Frezzoti R, Balestrazzi E, Falco L, Esente S (eds): Proceedings of International Symposium on Intraocular and Epibulbar Tumors. Florence, Italy, 3–5 March, 1994. Bologna, Monduzzi Editore, 1994, pp 177–181
  53. Clark WH. A classification of malignant melanoma in man correlated with histogenesis and biologic behaviour. In:  Montagna W,  Hu F editor. Advances in Biology of the Skin. The Pigmentary System. London: Pergamon Press; 1967;p. 621–647
  54. Clark WH, From L, Bernardino EA, Mihm MC. The histogenesis and biologic behaviour of primary human malignant melanomas of the skin. Cancer Res. 1969;29:705–726
  55. Clark WH, Reimer RR, Greene M, et al.  Origin of familial malignant melanomas from heritable melanocytic lesions. “The B-K mole syndrome”. Arch Dermatol. 1978;114:732–738
  56. Cochran AJ, Foulds WS, Damato BE, et al.  Assessment of immunological techniques in the diagnosis and prognosis of ocular malignant melanoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1985;69:171–176
  57. Codere F, Brownstein S, Garwood JL, Dresner SC. Carbon dioxide laser treatment of the conjunctiva and the cornea. Ophthalmology. 1988;95:37–45
  58. Conlon MR, Alfonso EC, Albert DM. Tumors of the cornea and conjunctiva. In:  Albert DM,  Jakobiec FA editor. Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology, Vol 1. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1994;p. 276–294
  59. Cook CS, Rosenkrantz W, Pfeiffer RL, MacMillan A. Malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1985;186:505–506
  60. Cotchin E. Melanotic tumors of dogs. J Comp Path. 1955;65:15–129
  61. Crawford JB. Conjunctival melanomas (Prognostic factors). A review and an analysis of a series. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1980;78:467–502
  62. Croxatto JO, Iribarren G, Ugrin C, et al.  Malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva. Report of a case. Ophthalmology. 1987;94:1281–1285
  63. Czechonska G, Finger PT. Topical mitomycin-C chemotherapy for conjunctival melanoma (abstract). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996;37(Suppl):S242
  64. Dahlenfors R, Törnqvist G, Wettrell K, Mark J. Cytogenetic observations in nine ocular malignant melanomas. Anticancer Res. 1993;13:1415–1420
  65. Dalrymple J. Pathology of the human eye. London: Churchill; 1852;
  66. Davidson JK, McLean IW, George DP, et al.  Proliferating cell nuclear antigen as an immunohistochemical marker for atypia in primary acquired melanosis of the conjunctiva (abstract). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1993;34(Suppl):966
  67. Daxecker F, Philipp W, Mikuz G, Lisch K. Late manifestations of conjunctival malignant melanoma. Ophthalmologica. 1988;197:176–178
  68. De Potter P, Shields CL, Shields JA. Malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1993;33:25–30
  69. De Potter P, Shields CL, Shields JA, Menduke H. Clinical predictive factors for development and recurrence of metastasis in conjunctival melanoma (a review of 68 cases). Br J Ophthalmol. 1993;77:624–630
  70. de Wolff-Rouendaal D. Conjunctival melanoma in the Netherlands (a clinico-pathological and follow-up study (thesis)). Katwijk: All in BV; 1990;
  71. de Wolff-Rouendaal D, Oosterhuis JA. Conjunctival melanoma in the Netherlands (a follow-up study). Doc Ophthalmol. 1983;56:49–54
  72. Di Tondo U, Balestrazzi E, Santeusanio G, et al.  Steroids and neuroendocrine hormones detected by the immunoperoxidase technique from malignant melanomas and nevi of the choroid and conjunctiva. Ophthalmologica. 1986;192:34–38
  73. Dubreuilh MW. De la mélanose circonscrite précancéreuse. Ann Dermatol et Syphiligr (Paris). 1912;3:129–154
  74. Duke-Elder S, Leigh AG. Diseases of the outer eye (pigmented tumors). In:  Duke-Elder S editors. System of Ophthalmology, Vol 8. London: Henry Kimpton; 1965;p. 2110–2239
  75. Ederer F. Refereeing clinical research papers for statistical content (editorial). Am J Ophthalmol. 1985;100:735–737
  76. Egbert PR, Lauber S, Maurice DM. A simple conjunctival biopsy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1977;84:798–801
  77. El-Bolkainy MN, Ebeid AM. Malignant melanoma in Egypt. Tumori. 1973;59:429–435
  78. Elder DE, Goldman LI, Goldman SC, et al.  Dysplastic nevus syndrome (A phenotypic association of sporadic cutaneous melanoma). Cancer. 1980;46:1787–1794
  79. Elder DE, Greene MH, Guerry DI, et al.  The dysplastic nevus syndrome. Our definition. Am J Dermatopathol. 1982;4:455–460
  80. Elder DE, Murphy GF. Atlas of tumor pathology. Melanocytic tumors of the skin. Fascicle 2. Washington DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; 1991;
  81. Elsas FJ, Green WR, Ryan SJ. Benign pigmented tumors, arising in acquired conjunctival melanosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1974;78:229–232
  82. Eng AM, Rosner M. Conjunctival melanomas. Int J Dermatol. 1995;34:349–353
  83. Fano G. Mélanose et tumeur mélanique de la conjonctive. Gaz d hop. 1872;45:651
  84. Fearon ER, Vogelstein B. A genetic model for colorectal carcinogenesis. Cell. 1990;61:759–767
  85. Finger PT, Milner MS, McCormick SA. Topical chemotherapy for conjunctival melanoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1993;77:751–753
  86. Folberg R: Melanocytic lesions of the conjunctiva, in Spencer WH (ed): Ophthalmic Pathology. An Atlas and Textbook, Vol 1. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1996, 4 ed, pp 125–155
  87. Folberg R. Tumor progression in ocular melanoma. J Invest Dermatol. 1993;100:326S–331S
  88. Folberg R. The familial occurrence of cutaneous melanoma, intraocular melanoma and the dysplastic nevus syndrome (letter). Am J Ophthalmol. 1983;96:815–816
  89. Folberg R, Baron J, Reeves RD, et al.  Animal model of conjunctival primary acquired melanosis. Ophthalmology. 1989;96:1006–1013
  90. Folberg R, Jakobiec FA, Bernardino VB, Iwamoto T. Benign conjunctival melanocytic lesions. Clinicopathologic features. Ophthalmology. 1989;96:436–461
  91. Folberg R, Jakobiec FA, McLean IW, Zimmerman LE. Is primary acquired melanosis of the conjunctiva equivalent to melanoma in situ?. Mod Pathol. 1992;5:2–5
  92. Folberg R, McLean IW. Primary acquired melanosis and melanoma of the conjunctiva (terminology, classification, and biologic behavior). Hum Pathol. 1986;17:652–654
  93. Folberg R, McLean IW, Zimmerman LE. Primary acquired melanosis of the conjunctiva. Hum Pathol. 1985;16:129–135
  94. Folberg R, McLean IW, Zimmerman LE. Malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva. Hum Pathol. 1985;16:136–143
  95. Folberg R, McLean IW, Zimmerman LE. Conjunctival melanosis and melanoma. Ophthalmology. 1984;91:673–678
  96. Foss AJE, Alexander RA, Guille MJ, et al.  Estrogen and progesterone receptor analysis in ocular melanoma. Ophthalmology. 1995;102:431–436
  97. Fox DM, Soll D, Fern C. Q-switched ruby laser irradiation of melanotic conjunctiva (abstract). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1993;34(Suppl):958
  98. Friedman RJ, Rodriguez-Sains R, Jakobiec F. Ophthalmologic oncology (conjunctival malignant melanoma in association with sporadic dysplastic nevus syndrome). J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1987;13:31–34
  99. Frucht-Pery J, Rozenman Y. Mitomycin C therapy for corneal intraepithelial neoplasia. Am J Ophthalmol. 1994;117:164–168
  100. Fuchs U, Kivelä T, Liesto K, Tarkkanen A. Prognosis of conjunctival melanomas in relation to histopathological features. Br J Cancer. 1989;59:261–267
  101. Fusaro RM, Lynch HT, Osterhuis JA, Went LN. The familial occurrence of cutaneous melanoma, intraocular melanoma and the dysplastic nevus syndrome (letter). Am J Ophthalmol. 1984;97:802–803
  102. Gelender H, Forster RK. Papanicolaou cytology in the diagnosis and management of external ocular tumors. Arch Ophthalmol. 1980;98:909–912
  103. Gelvez de Martinez RM, Menapace R, Guad HD. Behandlung rezidivierender Bindehautmelanome dursch lamellierende Resektion und Kontaktbestrahlung. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1985;187:356–358
  104. Gerner G, Norregaard JC, Jensen OA, Prause JU. Conjunctival nevi in Denmark 1960–1980. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1996;74:334–337
  105. Ghadially FN. Ultrastructural pathology of the cell and matrix, Vol II. London: Butterworths; 1988;ed 3
  106. Giblin ME, Shields JA, Shields CL, Eagle RC. Primary eyelid malignant melanoma associated with primary conjunctival malignant melanoma. Aust NZ J Ophthalmol. 1988;16:127–131
  107. Gilbert CM, El Baba F, Schachat AT, et al.  Nonsimultaneous primary choroidal and cutaneous melanoma. Report of a case. Ophthalmology. 1987;94:1169–1172
  108. Glasgow BJ, McCall LC, Foos RY. HMB-45 antibody reactivity in pigmented lesion of the conjunctiva. Am J Ophthalmol. 1990;109:696–700
  109. Gloor P, Alexandrakis G. Clinical characteristics of primary acquired melanosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995;36:1721–1729
  110. Gonder JR, Wagoner MD, Albert DM. Idiopathic acquired melanosis. Ophthalmology. 1980;87:835–840
  111. Goodpastiure C, Bloom SE. Visualization of nucleolar organizer regions in mammalian chromosomes using silver stainings. Chromosoma. 1975;53:37–50
  112. Gordon KB, Char DH, Sagerman RH. Late effects of radiation of the eye and ocular adnexa. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995;31:1123–1139
  113. Gow JA, Spencer WH. Intraocular extension of an epibulbar malignant melanoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1973;90:57–59
  114. Gragoudas ES, Seddon JM, Egan K, et al.  Long-term results of proton beam irradiated uveal melanomas. Ophthalmology. 1987;94:349–353
  115. Graham BJ, Duane TH. Ocular melanoma task force report. Am J Ophthalmol. 1980;90:728–733
  116. Greene MH, Clark WH, Tucker MA, et al.  Acquired precursors of cutaneous malignant melanoma. The familial dysplastic nevus syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1985;312:91–97
  117. Greene MH, Clark WH, Tucker MA, et al.  High risk of malignant melanoma in melanoma-prone families with dysplastic nevi. Ann Intern Med. 1985;102:458–465
  118. Greene MH, Sanders RJ, Chu FC, et al.  The familial occurrence of cutaneous melanoma, intraocular melanoma and the dysplastic nevus syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1983;96:238–245
  119. Greer CH. Ocular pathology. Oxford: Blackwell; 1963;
  120. Griffith WR, Green WR, Weinstein GW. Conjunctival malignant melanoma originating in acquired melanosis sine pigmento. Am J Ophthalmol. 1971;72:595–599
  121. Grossniklaus HE. Ocular surface and anterior segment cytology. Ophthalmol Clin North Am. 1995;8:59–66
  122. Grossniklaus HE: Correspondence re: Ackerman AB, Sood R, Koenig M: Primary acquired melanosis of the conjunctiva is melanoma in situ. Mod Pathol 4:253, 1991 (letter). Mod Pathol 5:473, 1992
  123. Grossniklaus HE, Green WR, Luckenbach M, Chan CC. Conjunctival lesions in adults. A clinical and histopathologic review. Cornea. 1987;6:78–116
  124. Grönvall H, Mark J. Malignant melanoma of the eye and its acceory organs. An analysis of a Swedish hospital material. Acta Ophthalmol. 1963;41:659–670
  125. Guillén FJ, Albert DM, Mihm MC. Pigmented melanocytic lesions of the conjunctiva—a new approach to their classification. Pathology. 1985;17:275–280
  126. Günther I. Augenmetastasen beim malignen Melanom der Haut. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1973;162:821–823
  127. Hada Y, Onishi K, Yokoyama D, Inoue M. Two cases of conjunctival malignant melanoma. Jpn J Clin Ophthalmol. 1995;49:919–922
  128. Haddad R. Multiple maligne Melanome der Bindehaut. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1979;174:635–638
  129. Haye C, Saragoussi JJ, Asselain B, et al.  Le pronostic des melanomes malins de la conjonctivite et des paupieres (etude statistique sur 56 patients). J Fr Ophtalmol. 1982;5:159–166
  130. Henkind P. Conjunctival melanocytic lesions (natural history). In:  Jakobiec FA editors. Ocular and Adnexal Tumors. Birmingham: Aesculapius; 1978;p. 572–582
  131. Henkind P, Benjamin JV. Conjunctival melanocytic lesions. Natural history. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1977;97:373–377
  132. Henkind P, Friedman AH. External ocular pigmentation. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1971;11:87–111
  133. Heydenreich A. Pigmentgeschwülste der Bindehaut. Nebst kritischer Bemerkungen zur Röntgenbestralung. Acta Ophthalmol. 1970;48:369–382
  134. Hillis A. Improving reporting of follow-up data. Am J Ophthalmol. 1982;93:250–252
  135. Holbach L, Hofmann C. S-100 Protein in nicht-pigmentierten melanozytaren und neuroektodermalen Tumoren der Konjunktiva. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1987;190:105–108
  136. Hollstein M, Sidransky D, Vogelstein B, Harris CC. p53 mutations in human cancers. Science. 1991;253:49–53
  137. Holly EA, Aston DA, Char DH, et al.  Uveal melanoma in relation to ultraviolet light exposure and host factors. Cancer Res. 1990;50:5773–5777
  138. Hosein AM. Exenteration (the nursing approach). J Ophthalmic Nurs Technol. 1989;8:91–96
  139. Hugonnier R, Maugery J, Sagalow M, Hullo A. Les melanomes malins de la conjonctive. Bull Soc Ophthalmol Fr. 1982;82:857–860
  140. Hungerford JL. Surgical treatment of ocular melanoma. Melanoma Res. 1993;3:305–312
  141. Hussain I, Partington K, Bonshek R, Tullo AB. Melanotic lesions of the conjunctiva (letter). Br J Ophthalmol. 1994;78:592
  142. Hutchinson J. Senile freckles. Arch Surg (London). 1892;3:319–322
  143. Höpping W. Discussion of pigmented tumors of the conjunctiva. In:  Boniuk M editors. Ocular and Adnexal Tumors. St Louis, CV: Mosby; 1964;p. 40
  144. Jahnle RL, Shields JA, Bernardino VB, et al.  Conjunctival inclusion cyst simulating malignant melanoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1985;100:483–484
  145. Jakobiec FA. Conjunctival melanoma. Unfinished business (editorial). Arch Ophthalmol. 1980;98:1378–1384
  146. Jakobiec FA. The ultrastructure of conjunctival melanocytic tumors. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1984;82:599–752
  147. Jakobiec FA, Brownstein S, Wilkinson RD, Katzin HM. Adjuvant cryotherapy for focal nodular melanoma of the conjunctiva. Arch Ophthalmol. 1982;100:115–118
  148. Jakobiec FA, Brownstein S, Wilkinson RD, et al.  Combined surgery and cryotherapy for diffuse malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva. Arch Ophthalmol. 1980;98:1390–1396
  149. Jakobiec FA, Buckman G, Zimmerman LE, et al.  Metastatic melanoma within and to the conjunctiva. Ophthalmology. 1989;96:999–1005
  150. Jakobiec FA, Folberg R, Iwamoto T. Clinicopathologic characteristics of premalignant and malignant lesions of the conjunctiva. Ophthalmology. 1989;96:147–166
  151. Jakobiec FA, Rini FJ, Fraunfelder FT, Brownstein S. Cryotherapy for conjunctival primary acquired melanosis and malignant melanoma. Ophthalmology. 1988;95:1058–1070
  152. Jakobiec FA, Zuckerman BD, Berlin J, et al.  Unusual melanocytic nevi of the conjunctiva. Am J Ophthalmol. 1985;100:100–113
  153. Jay B. Nevi and melanomata of the conjunctiva. Br J Ophthalmol. 1965;49:169–204
  154. Jay M, McCartney ACE. Familial malignant of the uvea and p53 (a Victorian detective story). Surv Ophthalmol. 1993;37:457–462
  155. Jean B, Thiel HJ, Stumper K. CO2 Laser Vaporisation von Papillomen an Bindehaut und Lidern. Fortschr Ophthalmol. 1989;86:672–675
  156. Jeffrey IJ, Lucas DR, McEwan C, Lee WR. Malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva. Histopathology. 1986;10:363–378
  157. Jensen OA, Movin M, Müller J. Malignant melanoma of the choroid in an infant with the dysplastic naevus syndrome. Acta Ophthalmol. 1987;65:91–100
  158. Johanson B, Linnér E, Eriksson Eldh J. Reconstruction of a large conjunctival defect with conjunctival flap. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1982;16:221–222
  159. Jordan DR, Mamalis N, White GL, et al.  Amelanotic malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva with local metastasis to the eyelid. Can J Ophthalmol. 1990;25:34–47
  160. Kalski RS, Lomeo MD, Kirschgraber PRN, Levine MR. Caruncular malignant melanoma in a black patient. Ophthalmic Surg. 1995;26:139–141
  161. Keller AZ. Histology, survivorship and related factors in the epidemiology of eye cancers. Am J Epidemiol. 1973;97:386–393
  162. Kerschbaumer RP. Das Sarkom des Auges. Wiesbaden: Bergmann; 1990;
  163. Kielar RA. Limbal melanoma in a Negro. Arch Ophthalmol. 1972;87:392–395
  164. Kincaid M. Discussion re (Rodriguez-Sains RS: Ocular findings in patients with the dysplastic nevus syndrome. Ophthalmology 93:661–665, 1986 (editorial)). Ophthalmology. 1986;93:665
  165. Kindblom LG, Lodding P, Rosengren L, et al.  S-100 protein in melanocytic tumors. An immunohistochemical investigation of benign and malignant melanocytic tumors and metastases of malignant melanoma and a characterization of the antigen in comparison to the human brain. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand. 1984;92:219–230
  166. Kiratali H, Shields CL, Shields JA, De Potter P. Metastic tumors to the conjunctiva—report of 10 cases. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996;80:5–8
  167. Kishore K, Ghazvini S, Char DH, et al.  p53 gene and cell cycling in uveal melanoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996;121:561–567
  168. Kleijnen J, Knipschild P. The comprehensiveness of Medline and Embase computer searches. Searches for controlled trials of homeopathy, ascorbic acid for common cold and gingko biloba for cerebral insufficiency and intermittant claudication. Pharm Weekbl Sci. 1992;14:316–320
  169. Koch JM, Bornfeld N, Waubke TN, Wessing A. Impressionszytologie der Bindehaut nach hochdosierter Brachytherapie maligner Melanome der Uvea mit 106Ru/106Rh-Applikatoren. Fortschr Ophthalmol. 1988;85:642–645
  170. Korting HC, Blick U, Hamperl WD. Coincidence of primary malignant melanoma of skin and eye. Report of a case without B-K mole syndrome but with a further malignancy. Dermatologica. 1983;167:317–321
  171. Kraemer KH, Greene MH, Tarone R, et al: Dysplastic nevi and cutaneous melanoma risk (letter). Lancet:1076–1077, 1983
  172. Krallman R, Sundmacher R, Ross B, Böcking A. Mitomycin C therapy for carcinoma in situ of the cornea and conjunctiva (abstract). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996;37(Suppl):S243
  173. Kulnig W. Zur Differentialdiagnose pigmentierter Bindehautveranderungen (Licht- und elektronenmikro-skopische Befunde). Fortschr Ophthalmol. 1986;83:138–140
  174. Kwapiszeski BR, Savitt ML. Conjunctival metastasis from a cutaneous melanoma as the initial sign of dissemination. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997;123:266–268
  175. Langmann G, Kleinert R, Wirnsberger GH, et al.  Proliferationsmarker, Enzymmarker und Onkogenexpressionsprofile bie intraokularen Melanomen. Ophthalmologe. 1993;90:528–532
  176. Laënnec RTH. De l’ausculation médiate, ou traité du diagnostic des maladies des poumons et du coeur. Paris: Brosson & Chaudé; 1826;ed 2
  177. Laënnec RTH. Extrait du mémoire de M. Laënnec sur les mélanôses. Bull Fac Med Paris. 1806;2:24–26
  178. Lederman M. Radiotherapy of malignant melanomata of the eye. Br J Radiol. 1961;34:21–42
  179. Lederman M. Radiotherapy of epibulbar malignant melanomata. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1953;73:399–432
  180. Lederman M, Jones CH. Beta irradiation of the conjunctival sac (description of a new applicator). Br J Radiol. 1966;39:867–869
  181. Lederman M, Wybar K, Busby E. Malignant epibulbar melanoma (natural history and treatment by radiotherapy). Br J Ophthalmol. 1984;68:605–617
  182. Levene A. Precancerous and cancerous melanosis of the canine conjunctiva. J Comp Pathol. 1973;83:253–257
  183. Levine AJ, Momand J, Finlay CA. The p53 tumor suppressor gene. Nature. 1991;351:453–456
  184. Lewis PM, Zimmerman LE. Delayed recurrences of malignant melanomas of the bulbar conjunctiva. Am J Ophthalmol. 1958;45:536–543
  185. Lieb WE, Shields JA, Shields CL, et al.  Postsurgical hematic cyst simulating a conjunctival melanoma. Retina. 1997;10:63–67
  186. Liesegang TJ, Campbell RJ. Mayo Clinic experience with conjunctival melanomas. Arch Ophthalmol. 1980;98:1385–1389
  187. Lister A. Malignant pigmented tumors in the neighbourhood of the limbus treated by radical excision followed by corneoscleral graft (report of three cases). Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1951;71:100–110
  188. Lommatzsch PK. Beta-ray treatment of malignant epithelial tumors of the conjunctiva. Am J Ophthalmol. 1976;81:198–206
  189. Lommatzsch PK. Conjunctival tumors and their radiotherapy. In:  Albert WE,  Sagerman RH editor. Radiotherapy of Intraocular and Orbital Tumors. Berlin: Springer Verlag; 1993;p. 227–237
  190. Lommatzsch PK. Beta-ray treatment of malignant epibulbar melanoma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1978;209:111–124
  191. Lommatzsch PK. Beta irradiation of conjunctival melanomas. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1977;97:378–380
  192. Lommatzsch PK, Lommatzsch RE, Kirsch I, Furmann P. Therapeutic outcome of patients suffering from malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva. Br J Ophthalmol. 1990;74:615–619
  193. Lopez Cardozo P, Oosterhuis JA, de Wolff-Rouendaal D. Exfoliative cytology in the diagnosis of conjunctival tumors. Ophthalmologica. 1981;182:157–164
  194. Lynch HT, Frichot BCI, Lynch HF. Familial atypical multiple mole-melanoma syndrome. J Med Genet. 1978;15:352–356
  195. MacKenzie W. A practical treatise on the diseases of the eye. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans; 1835;ed 3
  196. MacKie R, Hunter JA, Aitchinson TC, et al.  Cutaneous malignant melanoma, Scotland 1979–89. The Scottish Melanoma Group. Lancet. 1992;339:971–975
  197. MacKiewicz E, Switka-Bachnik E, Dröbecka-Brydak E. Xeroderma pigmentosum—przypadek wásny. Klin Oczna. 1994;96:176–178
  198. Manschot WA. Melanotic lesions of the conjunctiva. Mod Probl Ophthalmol. 1975;45:536–543
  199. Manschot WA. Melanotic lesions of the conjunctiva. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1973;93:733–738
  200. Margo CE, Roper DL, Hidayat AA. Borderline melanocytic tumor of the conjunctiva (diagnostic and therapeutic considerations). J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1991;91:268–270
  201. Martin CL. Canine epibulbar melanomas and their management. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1981;17:83–90
  202. Masson P. Pigment cells in man. In:  Miner RW,  Gordon M editor. The Biology of Melanoma. New York: New York Academy of Sciences; 1948;p. 15;p
  203. Mattsson B, Wallgren A. Completeness of the Swedish Cancer Registry (non-notified cancer cases recorded on death certificates in 1978). Acta Radiol Oncol. 1984;23:305–313
  204. McCarthy JM, Rootman J, Horsman D, White VA. Conjunctival and uveal melanoma in the dysplastic nevus syndrome. Surv Ophthalmol. 1993;37:377–386
  205. McDonnell JM, Carpente JD, Jacobs P, et al.  Conjunctival melanocytic lesions in children. Ophthalmology. 1989;96:986–993
  206. McDonnell JM, Yu Sun Y, Wagner D. HMB-45. Immunohistochemical stainings of conjunctival melanocytic lesions. Ophthalmology. 1991;98:453–458
  207. McGhee CN, Ni C, Albert DM, Chu FR. Conjunctival melanoma. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1982;22:35–56
  208. Mihm MC, Barnhill RL, Sober AJ, Hernandez MH. Precursor lesions of melanoma (do they exist?). Semin Surg Oncol. 1992;8:358–365
  209. Mihm MC, Guillén FJ. Classification of non-nevoid pigmented lesions of the conjunctiva (letter). Hum Pathol. 1985;16:1078
  210. Miller B, Abrahams C, Cole GC, Proctor NS. Ocular malignant melanoma in South African blacks. Br J Ophthalmol. 1981;65:720–722
  211. Miller D, Carroll JM, Holmberg A, et al.  Radioactive scleral shells in the treatment of conjunctival tumors. Am J Ophthalmol. 1970;70:783–786
  212. Miller DM, Brodell RT, Levine MR. The conjunctival wart (Report of a case and review of treatment options). Ophthalmic Surg. 1994;25:545–548
  213. Mohs FE. Microscopically controlled surgery for periorbital melanoma (fixed-tissue and fresh-tissue techniques). J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1985;11:284–291
  214. Morax V. Cancer de l’appareil visuel. Paris: Gaston Doin; 1926;
  215. Morgan G. Ocular tumors in animals. J Small Anim Pract. 1969;10:563–570
  216. Morris DA, Jakobiec FA, Henkind P, et al.  Recurrent conjunctival melanoma with neuroidal spindle cell features. Ophthalmology. 1987;94:56–60
  217. Muhlbauer-Ries E, Amon M, Zethmayer M. Amelanotisches, nodularen Melanom der Bidehaut wahrend der Schwangerschaft. Anmerkungen zur Pathogenese, Prognose und Diferentialdiagnose. Spektrum Augenheilkd. 1995;9:221–224
  218. Naidoff MA, Bernardino VB, Clark WH. Melanocytic lesions of the eyelid skin. Am J Ophthalmol. 1976;82:371–382
  219. Napel JA. Conjunctival melanoma, a retrospective study. Doc Ophthalmol. 1977;42:321–328
  220. Nigro JM, Baker SJ, Preisinger AC, et al.  Mutations in the p53 gene occur in diverse human tumor types. Nature. 1989;342:705–708
  221. NIH Consensus Conference: Precursors to malignant melanoma. JAMA 251:1864–1866, 1984
  222. NIH Consensus Conference: Diagnosis and treatment of early melanoma. National Institutes of Health Consensus Statement, 1992
  223. Nordlund JJ, Kirkwood J, Forget BM, et al.  Demographic study of clinically atypical (dysplastic) nevi in patients with melanoma and comparison subjects. Cancer Res. 1985;45:1855–1861
  224. Norregaard JC, Gerner N, Jensen OA, Prause JU. Malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva (occurrence and survival following surgery and radiotherapy in a Danish population). Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1996;234:569–572
  225. Notter G. Das maligne epibulbäre Melanom. Strahlenterapie. 1955;96:518–537
  226. Oosterhuis JA, de Wolff-Rouendaal D. Local metastasis in conjunctival melanoma. Doc Ophthalmol. 1983;56:55–59
  227. Oosterhuis JA, Went LN, Bergman W. Ocular melanoma associated with the familial atypical mole melanoma (FAMMM) syndrome. In:  Lynch HT,  Fusaro RM editor. Hereditary Malignant Melanoma. Boca Raton, CR: C Press; 1991;p. 53–62
  228. Oosterhuis JA, Went LN, Lynch HT. Primary choroidal and cutaneous melanomas, bilateral choroidal and familial occurrence of melanomas. Br J Ophthalmol. 1982;66:230–233
  229. Paridaens AD, McCartney AC, Curling OM, et al.  Impression cytology of conjunctival melanosis and melanoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1992;76:198–201
  230. Paridaens AD, McCartney AC, Hungerford JL. Premalignant melanosis of the conjunctiva and the cornea in xeroderma pigmentosum. Br J Ophthalmol. 1992;76:120–122
  231. Paridaens AD, McCartney AC, Hungerford JL. Multifocal amelanotic conjunctival melanoma and acquired melanosis sine pigmento. Br J Ophthalmol. 1992;76:163–165
  232. Paridaens AD, McCartney AC, Lavelle RJ, et al.  Nasal and orbital recurrence of conjunctival melanoma 21 years after exenteration. Br J Ophthalmol. 1992;76:369–371
  233. Paridaens ADA, Alexander RA, Hungerford JL, et al.  Oestrogen receptors in conjunctival malignant melanoma (Immunohistochemical study using formalin fixed paraffin wax sections). J Clin Pathol. 1991;44:840–843
  234. Paridaens ADA, Kirkness CM, Garner A, Hungerford JL. Recurrent malignant melanoma of the corneal stroma (a case of “black cornea”). Br J Ophthalmol. 1992;76:444–446
  235. Paridaens ADA, McCartney ACE, Minassian DC, Hungerford JL. Orbital exenteration in 95 cases of conjunctival malignant melanoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1994;78:520–528
  236. Paridaens ADA, Minassian DC, McCartney ACE, Hungerford JL. Prognostic factors in malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva (a clinico-pathological study of 256 cases). Br J Ophthalmol. 1994;78:252–259
  237. Paridaens ADA, Seregard S, Minassian D, et al.  AgNOR count in conjunctival malignant melanoma lack prognostic value. Br J Ophthalmol. 1992;76:621–623
  238. Parsons JH. The pathology of the eye, Vol I. London: Hodder & Stoughton; 1904;
  239. Paton D, Thomas LB. Simultaneous occurrence of primary malignant melanomas of the eye and skin. Arch Ophthalmol. 1959;62:645–652
  240. Pfeiffer RL. The differential diagnosis of pigmented ocular lesions in the dog and cat. Calif Vet. 1981;5:14–18
  241. Ploton D, Menager M, Jeanneson P, et al.  Improvement in the staining and in the visualization of the argyrophilic proteins of the nucleolar organizer regions at the optical level. Histochem J. 1986;18:5–14
  242. Polychronakos DJ, Economou A. On two cases of melanoma of conjunctiva. Ann Ophthalmol. 1971;3:779–783
  243. Pour P, Tantachamrum T, Althoff J, Mohr U. Melanoma in the north of Thailand in the last ten years. Report from Chiang Mai University. Z Krebsforsch. 1973;80:31–35
  244. Rasmussen KE. Behandling af overfladiske öjensygdomme med strontium 90 beta-stråle applikator. Nord Med. 1969;81:333–337
  245. Reese AB. Precancerous melanosis and diffuse malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva. Arch Ophthalmol. 1938;19:354–365
  246. Reese AB. Precancerous and cancerous melanosis. In:  Boniuk M editors. Ocular and Adnexal Tumors. St Louis, CV: Mosby; 1964;p. 19–23
  247. Reese AB. Tumors of the eye. New York: Harper & Row; 1963;ed 3
  248. Reese AB. Precancerous and cancerous melanosis of the conjunctiva. Am J Ophthalmol. 1955;39:96–100
  249. Reese AB. Tumors of the eye. New York: Harper & Brothers; 1951;
  250. Robertson DM, Hungerford JL, McCartney ACE. Malignant melanomas of the conjunctiva, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses. Am J Ophthalmol. 1989;108:440–442
  251. Robertson DM, Hungerford JL, McCartney ACE. Pigmentation of the eyelid margin accompanying conjunctival melanoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1989;108:435–439
  252. Rodrı́guez-Sains RS. Ocular findings in patients with dysplastic nevus syndrome. An update. Dermatol Clin. 1991;9:723–728
  253. Rodrı́guez-Sains RS. Ocular findings in patients with dysplastic nevus syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1986;93:661–665
  254. Rodrı́guez-Sains RS. Are concurrent or subsequent malignant melanomas of the skin and eye related or coincidental?. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1980;6:915–918
  255. Rodrı́guez-Sains RS. Do the eyes have it (letter)?. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1979;5:666
  256. Roth ME, Grant-Kels JM, Ackerman AB, et al.  The histopathology of dysplastic nevi. Continued controversy. Am J Dermatol. 1991;13:38–51
  257. Royds JA, Sharrard RM, Parsons MA, et al.  C-myc oncogene expression in ocular melanomas. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1992;230:366–371
  258. Rummelt V, Naumann GOH, Folberg R, et al.  Surgical management of melanocytoma of the ciliary body with extrascleral extension. Report of four patients. Am J Ophthalmol. 1994;117:169–176
  259. Rutgard J, Peyman GA, Frenkel M, Saks S. Calmette-Guerin bacillus treatment of experimental conjunctival malignant melanoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1977;95:2214–2217
  260. Sanderson TL, Pustai W, Shelley L, et al.  Cytologic evaluation of ocular lesions. Acta Cytol. 1980;24:391–400
  261. Saornil MA, Marcus DM, Doepner D, et al.  Nucleolar organizer regions in determining malignancy of pigmented conjunctival lesions. Am J Ophthalmol. 1993;115:800–805
  262. Schichtel RF. Melanoma of epibulbar conjunctiva. Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1969;48:181–184
  263. Schlieter F. Konservative Therapie des malignen Melanoms der Bindehaut, entstanden auf dem Boden einer melanotischen Präblastomatose Dubreuilh. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1972;161:416–424
  264. Schlieter F, Kleifeld O. Über das maligne Melanom der Hornhaut und seine Therapie. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1975;167:404–412
  265. Schulz MD, Wipfelder R. Reactor-activated applicators for treatment of conjunctival neoplasms. Radiology. 1969;92:1553–1556
  266. Schwab L, Green WR. Conjunctival melanoma in Africa. Ophthalmic Surg. 1987;18:900–903
  267. Scotto J, Fraumeni JF, Lee JA. Melanomas of the eye and other noncutaneous sites (epidemiologic aspects). J Natl Cancer Inst. 1976;56:489–491
  268. Scuderi G, Balastrazzi E. Conjunctival melanoma in an anophthalmic orbit. Ophthalmologica. 1973;166:172–174
  269. Seddon JM, Gragoudas ES, Glynn RJ, et al.  Host factors, UV radiation, and risk of uveal melanoma. A case-control study. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990;1087:1274–1280
  270. Seregard S. Cell proliferation as prognostic indicator in conjunctival malignant melanoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1993;116:93–97
  271. Seregard S. Cell growth and p53 expression in primary acquired melanosis and conjunctival melanoma. J Clin Pathol. 1996;49:338–342
  272. Seregard S. Malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva and potential precursor lesions (thesis). Stockholm: Karolinska Institute; 1995;
  273. Seregard S. Apocrine adenocarcinoma arising in Moll gland cystadenoma. Ophthalmology. 1993;100:1716–1719
  274. Seregard S, af Trampe E, Månsson-Brahme E, et al.  Prevalence of primate acquired melanosisi and nevi of the uvea and conjunctiva in the dysplastic nevus syndrome. A case-control study. Ophthalmology. 1995;102:1524–1529
  275. Seregard S, Kock E. Squamous spindle cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva. Fatal outcome of a pterygium-like lesion. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1995;73:464–466
  276. Seregard S, Kock E. Maligna melanom i conjunctiva. Läkartidningen. 1993;90:575–576
  277. Seregard S, Kock E. Conjunctival malignant melanoma in Sweden 1969–91. Acta Ophthalmol. 1992;70:289–296
  278. Seregard S, Ladenvall G, Kock E. Massive intracorneal invasion of a ciliary body melanoma. Acta Ophthalmol. 1994;72:257–259
  279. Shields JA. Management of uveal melanoma. A continuing dilemma (editorial). Cancer. 1993;72:2067–2068
  280. Shields JA. Diagnosis and management of orbital tumors. Philadelphia, WB: Saunders; 1989;
  281. Shields JA, Shields CL: Tumors of the conjunctiva and cornea, in Smolin G, Thoft RA (eds): The Cornea. Scientific Foundations and Clinical Practice, Part 2, Clinical Aspects. Boston, Little, Brown, ed 3, pp 579–595
  282. Shields JA, Shields CL, De Potter P. Surgical management of conjunctival tumors. The 1994 Lynn B McMahan lecture. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115:808–815
  283. Shields JA, Shields CL, De Potter P: Surgical management of circumscribed conjunctival melanomas. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg (in press), 1997
  284. Siegel D. Analysis of follow-up data (editorial). Arch Ophthalmol. 1985;103:647–648
  285. Siegert J, Wiegand W, Kroll P. Radikale Konjunktivektomie bei der Therapie des malignen Melanoms der Bindehaut. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1993;203:413–417
  286. Silvers DN, Jakobiec FA, Freeman TR, et al.  Melanoma of the conjunctiva (a clinicopathological study). In:  Jakobiec FA editors. Ocular and Adnexal Tumors. Birmingham: Aesculapius; 1978;p. 583–599
  287. Spencer WH: Conjunctiva, in Spencer WH (ed): Ophthalmic pathology. An Atlas and Textbook, Vol 1. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1996, ed 4, pp 38–44
  288. Spitz S. Melanomas of childhood. Am J Pathol. 1948;24:591–609
  289. Stallard HB. Discussion of pigmented tumors of the conjunctiva. In:  Boniuk M editors. Ocular and Adnexal Tumors. St Louis, CV: Mosby; 1964;p. 47;p
  290. Stefani FH. Das maligne Melanom der Bindehaut—Klinischer Verlauf und histopathologischer Befund. Fortschr Ophthalmol. 1986;83:141–145
  291. Stefani FH. A prognostic index for patients with malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1986;224:580–582
  292. Stellwag von Carion C. Treatise on the diseases of the eye. New York: Wood; 1868;
  293. Steuhl KP, Rohrbach JM, Knorr M. Die Verteilung melanomassoziierter Antigene (HMB-45 und S-100) in benignen und malignen melanozytaren Tumoren der Konjunktiva. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1991;199:187–191
  294. Steuhl KP, Rohrbach JM, Knorr M, Thiel HJ. Significance, specificity, and ultrastructural localization of HMB-45 antigen in pigmented ocular tumors. Ophthalmology. 1993;100:208–215
  295. Strempel I. Bindehautmetastase eines primären Hautmelanoms. Ophthalmologica. 1982;185:52–57
  296. Swedish National Board of Health Welfare (Centre for Epidemiology. Cancer Incidence in Sweden 1991. Stockholm: Fritzes; 1994;
  297. Swerdlow AJ. Incidence of malignant melanoma of the skin in England and Wales and its relation to sunshine. BMJ. 1979;2:1324–1327
  298. Swerdlow AJ, Cooke KR, Skegg DC, Wilkinson J. Cancer incidence in England and Wales and New Zealand and in migrants between the two countries. Br J Cancer. 1995;72:326–343
  299. Tahery DP, Goldberg R, Moy RL. Malignant melanoma of the eyelid. A report of eight cases and a review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;27:17–21
  300. Takahashi T, Nau MM, Chiba I, et al.  p53 (a frequent target for genetic abnormalities in lung cancer). Science. 1989;246:491–494
  301. Takehara A, Dake Y, Amemiya T. Treatment of malignant melanoma of conjunctiva. Jpn J Clin Ophthalmol. 1995;49:431–434
  302. Taylor MR, Guerry DI, Bondi EE, et al.  Lack of association between intraocular melanoma and cutaneous dysplastic nevi. Am J Ophthalmol. 1984;98:478–482
  303. Thiel R. Die bösartigen Geschwülste der Bindehaut. Buch Augenarzt. 1965;44:154–178
  304. Thiel R. Die bösartigen Geschwülste der Bindehaut. Ophthalmologica. 1966;151:68–74
  305. To KW, Rabinowitz SM, Friedman AH, et al.  Neurofibromatosis and neural crest neoplasms (primary acquired melanosis and malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva). Surv Ophthalmol. 1989;33:373–379
  306. Tobal K, Warren W, Cooper CS, et al.  Increased expression and mutation of p53 in choroidal melanoma. Br J Cancer. 1992;66:900–904
  307. Tokuda K, Ishbashi T, Oshida N, Kobayashi H. A huge malignant melanoma of the cornea. Nippon-Ganka-Kiyo. 1970;21:295–301
  308. Torczynski E. Preparations of ophthalmological specimens for histopathological examination. Ophthalmology. 1981;88:1367–1371
  309. Tragakis M, Pollalis S, Karantinos D, et al.  Mélanome primitif malin de la cornée. J Fr Ophthalmol. 1979;2:29–31
  310. Travers B. A synopsis of the diseases of the eye, and their treatment. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown; 1820;
  311. Travis LW, Rice DH, McClatchey KD, Wallace SW. Malignant melanoma of conjunctiva metastatic to parotid gland. Reports of cases and discussion of surgical management. Laryngoscope. 1977;87:2000–2007
  312. Tucker MA, Shields JA, Hartge P, et al.  Sunlight exposure as risk factor for intraocular malignant melanoma. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:789–792
  313. Tucker NA, Kroll S, Frigillana H, et al.  Immunohistochemical detection of p53 in primary acquired melanosis and melanoma of the conjunctiva (abstract). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994;35(Suppl):1722
  314. Tucker SM, Hurwitz JJ, Pavlin CJ, et al.  Scleral melt after cryotherapy for conjunctival melanoma. Ophthalmology. 1993;100:574–577
  315. Tullo AB, Bonshek R. Conjunctival melanoma (editorial). Br J Ophthalmol. 1994;78:514
  316. Ueno H, Tamai A, Noda K, et al.  Light and electron microscopic studies of malignant melanoma of conjunctiva and palpebra. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 1983;27:459–467
  317. Uffer S. Melanomes malins de la conjunctive. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1990;196:290–294
  318. UICC (International Union Against Cancer): Ophthalmic tumors, in Hermanek P, Sobin LH (eds): TNM-Classification of Malignant Tumors. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, Springer-Verlag, 1992, ed 4, pp 161–187
  319. van Delft JL, de Wolff-Rouendaal D, Oosterhuis JA. Irrigation with mercury chloride and sodium hypochlorite to prevent local recurrence after excision of conjunctival melanoma. An experimental study. Doc Ophthalmol. 1983;56:61–67
  320. Verhoeff FH, Loring RG. A case of primary epibulbar sarcoma with secondary growths in limbus and sclera, and invasion of the choroid, ciliary body and iris. Arch Ophthalmol. 1903;32:97–102
  321. Vink JV, Crijns MB, Mooy CM, et al.  Ocular melanoma in families with dysplastic nevus syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990;23:858–862
  322. Wachtel JG, Caplan CW, Makley TA. Juvenile melanoma (mixed spindle cell and epitheloid cell nevus) of the conjunctiva. Surv Ophthalmol. 1967;12:12–16
  323. Wakelin D, Campbell JS, Watson AG. Pedunculated malignant melanoma of conjunctiva—the sequel. Can J Ophthalmol. 1975;10:90–91
  324. Watson AG, Campbell JS, Tolnai G, Hill DP. Pedunculated malignant melanoma of conjunctiva. Can J Ophthalmol. 1970;5:386–391
  325. Wayte DM. A Christmas lesson (biopsy techniques for the young clinician). J Clin Pathol. 1992;45:1045–1046
  326. Weiss JS, Perusse P, Reale F. Tear cytology in conjunctival melanoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991;111:648–692
  327. Welsh NH, Jhavery Y. Malignant melanoma of the cornea in an African patient. Am J Ophthalmol. 1971;72:796–800
  328. Wetzel W. Strahlentherapeutische Behandlung eines malignen Melanoms der Dorneoskleralzone. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1985;186:371–373
  329. Zeisberg B, Bleckmann H. Die Behandlung des malignen Melanoms der Bindehaut. Fortschr Ophthalmol. 1986;83:172–175
  330. Zimmerman LE. Melanocytic tumors of interest to the ophthalmologist. Ophthalmology. 1980;87:497–502
  331. Zimmerman LE. The histogenesis of conjunctival melanoma. In:  Jakobiec FA editors. Ocular and Adnexal Tumors. Birmingham: Aesculapius; 1978;p. 600–630
  332. Zimmerman LE. Criteria for management of melanosis (letter). Arch Ophthalmol. 1966;76:307–308
  333. Zimmerman LE. Discussion of pigmented tumors of the conjunctiva. In:  Boniuk M editors. Ocular and Adnexal Tumors. St Louis: CV Mosby; 1964;p. 24–48
  334. Zimmerman LE, Sobin LH. Histologic typing of tumors of the eye and its adnexa. International Histologic Classification of Tumors, no 24. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1980;pp 23–24
  335. Zografos L, Bercher L, Egger E, et al.  Le traitement des tumeurs oculaires par faisceau de protons accélérés. Sept ans d’expérience. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1992;200:431–435
  336. Zografos L, Uffer S, Bercher KL, Gailloud C. Chirurgie, cryocoagulation et radiothérapie combinée pour le traitement des mélanomes de la conjonctive. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1994;204:385–390
  337. Zografos L, Uffer S, Gailloud C. Les mélanomes de la conjonctive. Bull Mem Soc Fr Ophthalmol. 1981;93:174–178
  338. Zografos L, Uffer S, Gailloud C, Bercher KL. Les melanomes de la conjunctive et leur traitement. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1990;196:285–289
  339. Österlind A. Trends in incidence of ocular malignant melanoma in Denmark 1943–1982. Int J Cancer. 1987;40:161, 164de novo

PII: S0039-6257(97)00122-7

doi: 10.1016/S0039-6257(97)00122-7

Survey of Ophthalmology
Volume 42, Issue 4 , Pages 321-350 , January 1998