Survey of Ophthalmology RSS feed: Current Issue. Survey of Ophthalmology is a clinically oriented review journal designed to keep ophthalmologists up to date. Comprehensive major review articles, written by experts and stringently refereed, integrate the literature on subjects selected for their clinical importance. Survey also includes feature articles, section reviews, book reviews, and abstracts. To view video files associated with published manuscripts, click here . http://www.surveyophthalmol.com/?rss=yesElsevier Inc.en © 2012 Published by Elsevier Inc. Survey of Ophthalmology0039-6257573May 2012 © 2012 Published by Elsevier Inc. healthpermissions@elsevier.comhttp://www.surveyophthalmol.com/article/PIIS0039625712000392/abstract?rss=yesSurvey of Ophthalmology strives to be a reliable source of critical reviews of clinically important topics from the ophthalmic literature. This can only be accomplished with the concerted efforts of its section editors, reviewers, and authors. Survey has been fortunate to receive the advice and guidance of a long-serving editorial board, and as is the case with all successful enterprises, the editorial board is now undergoing changes.Transitions on the Editorial BoardJohn W. Gittinger, David Newcombe10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.02.001Survey of Ophthalmology 57, 3 (2012)2012-05-01Survey of Ophthalmology2012-05-01573S0039-6257(12)X0003-1Editorial201201http://www.surveyophthalmol.com/article/PIIS0039625711002256/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: The nontuberculous (also called “atypical”) mycobacteria have become increasingly important causes of systemic as well as ocular morbidity in recent decades. All ocular tissues can become infected with these organisms, particularly in patients who are predisposed following ocular trauma, surgery, use of corticosteroids, or are immunocompromised. Because of their relative resistance to available antibiotics, multidrug parenteral therapy continues to be the mainstay of treatment of more serious ocular and adnexal infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Periocular cutaneous, adnexal, and orbital NTM infections remain rare and require surgical debridement and long-term parenteral antibiotic therapy. NTM scleritis may occur after trauma or scleral buckling and can cause chronic disease that responds only to appropriate antibiotic therapy and, in some cases, surgical debridement and explant removal. NTM infectious keratitis following trauma or refractive surgical procedures is commonly confused with other infections such as Herpes simplex keratitis and requires aggressive topical therapy and possible surgical debridement, particularly in those cases occuring after laser in situ keratomileusis. Only 18 cases of endophthalmitis due to NTM have been reported. Systemic and intraocular antibiotic therapy and multiple vitrectomies may be needed in NTM endophthalmitis; the prognosis remains poor, however. Disseminated NTM choroiditis in acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients with immune reconstitution during highly active anti-retroviral therapy is a rare infection that can present as a necrotizing chorioretinitis with dense vitritis, mimicking many other entities and needs to be recognized so that timely, life-saving treatment can be administered. Regardless of which ocular tissue is infected, all NTM ocular infections present similar challenges of recognition and of therapeutic intervention. We clarify diagnosis and delineate modern, effective therapy for these conditions.Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Ocular and Adnexal InfectionsRamana S. Moorthy, Shailaja Valluri, Narsing A. Rao10.1016/j.survophthal.2011.10.006Survey of Ophthalmology 57, 3 (2012)2012-05-01Survey of Ophthalmology2012-05-01573S0039-6257(12)X0003-1Major Review202235http://www.surveyophthalmol.com/article/PIIS0039625711002244/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Endothelial keratoplasty (EK) is continually evolving both in surgical technique and clinical outcomes. Descemet's stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK) has replaced penetrating keratoplasty (PK) as the treatment of choice for corneal endothelial dysfunction. It is safe and predictable and offers early visual rehabilitation. Newer iterations include Descemet's membrane endothelial keratoplasty, Descemet's membrane automated endothelial keratoplasty, and other hybrid techniques. Early data on these newer EK techniques suggests that they provide significantly better visual outcomes compared to DSEK. Initial 5-year survival data indicates that EK is at least comparable to PK, and more widespread survival data is anticipated. Further work is needed to simultaneously optimize visual outcomes, refractive predictability, and endothelial cell survival, as well as surgical techniques of donor preparation and insertion.Endothelial Keratoplasty: A Revolution in EvolutionArundhati Anshu, Marianne O. Price, Donald T.H. Tan, Francis W. Price10.1016/j.survophthal.2011.10.005Survey of Ophthalmology 57, 3 (2012)2012-05-01Survey of Ophthalmology2012-05-01573S0039-6257(12)X0003-1Major Review236252http://www.surveyophthalmol.com/article/PIIS0039625711002360/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Primary scleral buckling has been an effective means to reattach the retina for over 50 years. After surgery, complications may arise that require scleral buckle (SB) removal. The most common indications for SB removal are extrusion, infection, and pain. I review the pertinent literature in an effort to develop guidelines for when to remove a SB.Scleral Buckle Removal: Indications and OutcomesIrena Tsui10.1016/j.survophthal.2011.11.001Survey of Ophthalmology 57, 3 (2012)2012-05-01Survey of Ophthalmology2012-05-01573S0039-6257(12)X0003-1Major Review253263http://www.surveyophthalmol.com/article/PIIS0039625711002086/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Thirteen cases with myxomatous changes of the corneal stroma have been reported to date. We report six additional cases with clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical data. The clinical appearance is most often a gelatinous, whitish elevation with insidious onset. Histopathologically, there are inconspicuous spindle- and stellate-shaped cells in a loose, myxoid matrix. The typical location is in the anterior cornea beneath the epithelium, with varying degrees of extension into the stroma. Vimentin and smooth-muscle actin immunohistochemical stains are characteristically positive, and staining occasionally may be seen with muscle-specific actin, whereas CD34 staining usually is negative. In most cases, myxomatous changes are a degenerative process involving transformation of stromal keratocytes into cells with prominent secretory activity and myofibroblastic differentiation. Most occur in corneas with a history of ocular disease or trauma that disrupts Bowman's layer. We suggest labelling lesions with these features as “myxomatous corneal degeneration.” So-called “primary corneal myxomas” also exist where there is no significant history. It remains unclear whether the myxomatous changes in such lesions are neoplastic or degenerative. Myxomatous corneal changes are likely under-recognized and under-diagnosed.Myxomatous Corneal Degeneration: A Clinicopathological Study of Six Cases and a Review of the LiteratureMichel J. Belliveau, Walter N. Liao, Seymour Brownstein, Joshua S. Manusow, David R. Jordan, Steven Gilberg, George Mintsioulis10.1016/j.survophthal.2011.09.006Survey of Ophthalmology 57, 3 (2012)2012-02-27Survey of Ophthalmology2012-02-27573S0039-6257(12)X0003-1Clinical Pathologic Reviews264271http://www.surveyophthalmol.com/article/PIIS0039625711002761/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: The World Health Organization estimates that 13 million children aged 5–15 years worldwide are visually impaired from uncorrected refractive error. School vision screening programs can identify and treat or refer children with refractive error. We concentrate on the findings of various screening studies and attempt to identify key factors in the success and sustainability of such programs in the developing world. We reviewed original and review articles describing children's vision and refractive error screening programs published in English and listed in PubMed, Medline OVID, Google Scholar, and Oxford University Electronic Resources databases. Data were abstracted on study objective, design, setting, participants, and outcomes, including accuracy of screening, quality of refractive services, barriers to uptake, impact on quality of life, and cost-effectiveness of programs. Inadequately corrected refractive error is an important global cause of visual impairment in childhood. School-based vision screening carried out by teachers and other ancillary personnel may be an effective means of detecting affected children and improving their visual function with spectacles. The need for services and potential impact of school-based programs varies widely between areas, depending on prevalence of refractive error and competing conditions and rates of school attendance. Barriers to acceptance of services include the cost and quality of available refractive care and mistaken beliefs that glasses will harm children's eyes. Further research is needed in areas such as the cost-effectiveness of different screening approaches and impact of education to promote acceptance of spectacle-wear. School vision programs should be integrated into comprehensive efforts to promote healthy children and their families.School-based Approaches to the Correction of Refractive Error in ChildrenAbhishek Sharma, Nathan Congdon, Mehul Patel, Clare Gilbert10.1016/j.survophthal.2011.11.002Survey of Ophthalmology 57, 3 (2012)2012-03-09Survey of Ophthalmology2012-03-09573S0039-6257(12)X0003-1Public Health and the Eye272283http://www.surveyophthalmol.com/article/PIIS0039625711000865/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: A 55-year-old immunocompetent man presented with headache, nausea, progressive bilateral upper lid ptosis, and diplopia. Examination showed bilateral asymmetric upper lid ptosis with limited adduction and elevation of both eyes. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging revealed enhancing intra-axial and extra-axial midbrain lesions. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid were positive for cryptococcal antigen and cerebrospinal fluid fungal cultures grew Cryptococcus neoformans. Treatment with liposomal amphotericin B and flucytosine resulted in complete resolution of his neurological deficits and lesions on neuroimaging. Patients with cryptococcal meningitis may rarely present with bilateral cranial nerve III dysfunction.CurtainsPaul H. Phillips, Edgardo Angtuaco, Rudy L. VanHemert, Rod Foroozan10.1016/j.survophthal.2011.04.005Survey of Ophthalmology 57, 3 (2012)2011-08-22Survey of Ophthalmology2011-08-22573S0039-6257(12)X0003-1Clinical Challenges284291http://www.surveyophthalmol.com/article/PIIS0039625712000045/abstract?rss=yesA delicate question was recently raised,As to whether Miss Daisy should still be driving.Or should she retire to TV and chaise,And help the rest of us keep surviving.It’s a delicate question for disparate reasons:One is the role of diminished vision.The other concerns the “passing of seasons”(Since “elderly” can be a term of derision).The aging eye is not quite as goodAs it was in youth, when it was new.It doesn’t see perfectly, quite as it shouldFor darkness and contrast and colors too.And yet it sees well, by most every measureAnd passes acuity and color tests.It still is an instrument we can treasure,To do well in most of life’s daily quests.But if shadows are dark, or one has field cuts,Do these defects make it unsafe in a car?What loss of vision effectively shutsThe door on driving, near or far?The research on driving may surprise you:Accidents increase a bit with poor vision,But much larger rises are found to ensueWhen folks just can’t make a good decision!Reaction time (slow) and judgment (weak)Override modest loss of sight.So if ophthalmologic exams are to seekWhether driving is safe, in the day or at night,The key is to see if dementia is growing!One test asks the patient to draw for youA clock, with all of the numbers showing,At an exact time, say “five to two.”If the circle is ragged or the numbers in error,Or both of the hands point down to the floor,Then there may be dementia: the patient’s a terror,And shouldn’t be driving any moreSo I’ve drawn a clock, I hope with no glitch,To check if I should be allowed to drive:It has a rectangular face in whichI’ve written the number 1:55!Miss Daisy on the FreewayMichael F. Marmor10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.01.003Survey of Ophthalmology 57, 3 (2012)2012-05-01Survey of Ophthalmology2012-05-01573S0039-6257(12)X0003-1Time Oph292292http://www.surveyophthalmol.com/article/PIIS0039625712000690/abstract?rss=yesTable of Contents10.1016/S0039-6257(12)00069-0Survey of Ophthalmology 57, 3 (2012)2012-05-01Survey of Ophthalmology2012-05-01573S0039-6257(12)X0003-1FrontmatterA3A4